Shape sensitivity analysis of wing static aeroelastic characteristics

A method is presented to calculate analytically the sensitivity derivatives of wing static aeroelastic characteristics with respect to wing shape parameters. The wing aerodynamic response under fixed total load is predicted with Weissinger's L-method; its structural response is obtained with Giles' equivalent plate method. The characteristics of interest include the spanwise distribution of lift, trim angle of attack, rolling and pitching moments, wind induced drag, as well as the divergence dynamic pressure. The shape parameters considered are the wing area, aspect ratio, taper ratio, sweep angle, and tip twist angle. Results of sensitivity studies indicate that: (1) approximations based on analytical sensitivity derivatives can be used over wide ranges of variations of the shape parameters considered, and (2) the analytical calculation of sensitivity derivatives is significantly less expensive than the conventional finite-difference alternative

Etude du cycle nycthéméral de la teneur en oxygène dissous en bassins de pisciculture par la méthode des moyennes mobiles. Relation avec la température et l'insolation

Dans ce travail, le cycle journalier de l'oxygène dissous en bassins de pisciculture semi-intensive a été étudié en relation avec des données météorologiques. Nous disposions pour cela de 22 semaines d'enregistrements (mesures horaires) de janvier 1988 à décembre 1989, dont une semaine de mesures sous glace. Chaque période de mesures a été traitée comme une série chronologique en pratiquant une décomposition saisonnière par la méthode des moyennes mobiles qui permet d'extraire à partir d'une série de mesures la tendance sur la période étudiée et la composante journalière.Cette méthode, montre que le cycle nycthéméral de l'oxygène dissous garde son aspect et classique toute l'année, excepté sous la glace. Toutefois, l'amplitude journalière de la teneur en oxygène varie beaucoup selon la saison, et nous avons pu distinguer une période estivale où le métabolisme de l'étang semblait accéléré. L'analyse du cycle nycthéméral de l'oxygène dissous, dans lequel on distingue production et consommation, comparé à ceux de la température de l'eau et de l'insolation journalière moyenne, a permis d'étudier ce phénomène et de montrer l'importance des facteurs météorologiques dans la détermination du bilan de l'oxygène dissous en étang.Dissolved oxygen is a very important factor in fish ponds, particularly under intensive conditions. Thus, the daily fluctuations of dissolved oxygen have been studied in different countries and under different conditions (lakes, ponds, rivers), but with data series generally limited to a few measurements per day. The automatic data recorder of the IRRA'S experimental station provides very long series of data concerning of dissolved oxygen, temperature and meteorological factors through hourly measurements which allow the use of mathematical analysis like the moving average method. This automatic data recorder bas been in use since September 1987 and the data obtained have been analysed in research on summer oxygen deficit prevention. After 3 years' measurements it was interesting to investigate the annual change in the daily fluctuations of the dissolved oxygen. For this, daily hourly measurements of dissolved oxygen, temperature and solar radiations were taken and examined during 22 weeks from January 1988 to December 1989 (one week under ice cover). Oxygen data were analysed using seasonal decomposition by the moving average method, and the results were compared with the temperature and solar radiation measurements.The measurements were taken from 6 of the 16 IRRA'S experimental ponds (in the Dombes region, to the North-East of Lyon, France) and in a fish pond. All these ponds were semi-intensive fish-ponds stocked with Carp (Cyprinus carpio) Tench, (Tinca tinca), Grass Carp (Ctenopharingodon idella) and Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix).The seasonal decomposition through the moving average method devides the time series data into a trend (long term fluctuations), seasonal indices (or daily component) and residuals, but only seasonal indices, representing the daily variations, are studied here. The daily component was next spin into oxygen production and consumption if respiration is taken to be constant over one day and can be evaluated through the night oxygen decrease (EDELINE et al., 1968; ROMAIRE and BOYD, 1978; BARTHELEMY and COUTURE, 1990).Through this method, it appeared that the daily fluctuations of dissolved oxygen had the same classical aspect all the year round, except under ice cover, where it was impossible to observe a significant oxygen production. Such fluctuations, which are the result of the effect of oxygen production and consumption, have also been observed under different conditions (BOUD and LICHTKOPPLER, 1979; SIN and CHIU,1982; KEPENYES and VARADI, 1984; MARZOLF and SAUNDERS, 1984; GINOT, 1988; COUTURE, 1988). The aspect of the daily cycles was relatively constant but it was possible to distinguish 3 periods according to the amplitude of these cycles :- a winter period with less than 2 mg/l daily variations,- a summer period when these variations were greater titan 4 or 7 mg/l,- an intermediate period in spring and autumn.As these 3 periods did not occur at the same time of the year for 1988 & 1989, it appeared that the meteorological conditions (temperature and solar radiations) were important factors for determining these periods in the year.The study of oxygen production and consumption gave the same conclusions.These results have been compared with meteorological data : mean water temperature over 7-day periods (168 measurements), plus mean cumulative daily solar radiations over 7 days.There appeared significant correlations between the oxygen production and the consumption, with these meteorological factors, but these relations were different for the « summer » period (June to October) and the rest of the year. There was a delay between the period when temperature and solar radiations are best for primary production (June and July) and the period when the pond’s metabolism is maximum.There have been no measurements on primary production or algal population dynamics to explain these results clearly, but considering the observations of GRYGIEREK and WASILEWSKA (1979) and ELORANTA (1985) it is possible to give an explanation. In May-June the ponds are characterized by clear water (a higher than 60 cm transparency was observed) with low density algal populations, thus the pond ecosystem is not ready to use thermic and light energy. This delay between meteorological conditions and oxygen dynamics have been observed by ELORANTA (1985) and BOYD (1985).These results are useful in pond management, particularly when it is necessary to prevent oxygen depletion. The risk of oxygen deficits is greater in August-September, when the ecological conditions are very unstable owing to the important daily oxygen fluctuations. In this case, meteorological changes like temperature decreases or rain-fall can perturb the ecosystem and cause algal die-off with a great risk of oxygen depletion.The aim of this study was to show the possibilities of seasonal decomposition by the moving average method in the analysis of oxygen measurements. When it is possible to get long serie data, with constant skip, this method is very valuable for studying long term and daily fluctuations. The decomposition of the daily component through the method of EDELINE et al. (1968) also gives indications on primary production and oxygen consumption

Military needs for orbital power

Results of the DoD/ERDA (now Department of Energy) Space Power Study completed in October 1977 are presented. The major new thrust of Air Force Advanced Technology Plans center on the development of military solar power systems which will extend capabilities to the 10 - 50 KW sub e power range for new classes of missions while maintaining technology applicability to the 0.5 - 10 KW sub e present mission class. The status of FY78 efforts for Project 682J (Air Force Space Power Advanced Development Program) are reported. Project 682J is divided into the following tasks: (1) high efficiency solar panel; (2) nickel-hydrogen battery; (3) gallium arsenide solar concentrator hardness study; and (4) new-start nuclear dynamic power system applications/integration study

Video Pandemics: Worldwide Viral Spreading of Psy's Gangnam Style Video

Viral videos can reach global penetration traveling through international channels of communication similarly to real diseases starting from a well-localized source. In past centuries, disease fronts propagated in a concentric spatial fashion from the the source of the outbreak via the short range human contact network. The emergence of long-distance air-travel changed these ancient patterns. However, recently, Brockmann and Helbing have shown that concentric propagation waves can be reinstated if propagation time and distance is measured in the flight-time and travel volume weighted underlying air-travel network. Here, we adopt this method for the analysis of viral meme propagation in Twitter messages, and define a similar weighted network distance in the communication network connecting countries and states of the World. We recover a wave-like behavior on average and assess the randomizing effect of non-locality of spreading. We show that similar result can be recovered from Google Trends data as well.Comment: 10 page

Dual tasking in Parkinson's disease: cognitive consequences while walking

Published in final edited form as: Neuropsychology. 2017 September; 31(6): 613–623. doi:10.1037/neu0000331.OBJECTIVE: Cognitive deficits are common in Parkinson's disease (PD) and exacerbate the functional limitations imposed by PD's hallmark motor symptoms, including impairments in walking. Though much research has addressed the effect of dual cognitive-locomotor tasks on walking, less is known about their effect on cognition. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relation between gait and executive function, with the hypothesis that dual tasking would exacerbate cognitive vulnerabilities in PD as well as being associated with gait disturbances. METHOD: Nineteen individuals with mild-moderate PD without dementia and 13 age- and education-matched normal control adults (NC) participated. Executive function (set-shifting) and walking were assessed singly and during dual tasking. RESULTS: Dual tasking had a significant effect on cognition (reduced set-shifting) and on walking (speed, stride length) for both PD and NC, and also on stride frequency for PD only. The impact of dual tasking on walking speed and stride frequency was significantly greater for PD than NC. Though the group by condition interaction was not significant, PD had fewer set-shifts than NC on dual task. Further, relative to NC, PD showed significantly greater variability in cognitive performance under dual tasking, whereas variability in motor performance remained unaffected by dual tasking. CONCLUSIONS: Dual tasking had a significantly greater effect in PD than in NC on cognition as well as on walking. The results suggest that assessment and treatment of PD should consider the cognitive as well as the gait components of PD-related deficits under dual-task conditions. (PsycINFO Database Record)

Exact results and scaling properties of small-world networks

We study the distribution function for minimal paths in small-world networks. Using properties of this distribution function, we derive analytic results which greatly simplify the numerical calculation of the average minimal distance, $\bar{\ell}$, and its variance, $\sigma^2$. We also discuss the scaling properties of the distribution function. Finally, we study the limit of large system sizes and obtain some analytic results.Comment: RevTeX, 4 pages, 5 figures included. Minor corrections and addition