Resonant structure of space-time of early universe

A new fully quantum method describing penetration of packet from internal well outside with its tunneling through the barrier of arbitrary shape used in problems of quantum cosmology, is presented. The method allows to determine amplitudes of wave function, penetrability $T_{\rm bar}$ and reflection $R_{\rm bar}$ relatively the barrier (accuracy of the method: $|T_{\rm bar}+R_{\rm bar}-1| < 1 \cdot 10^{-15}$), coefficient of penetration (i.e. probability of the packet to penetrate from the internal well outside with its tunneling), coefficient of oscillations (describing oscillating behavior of the packet inside the internal well). Using the method, evolution of universe in the closed Friedmann--Robertson--Walker model with quantization in presence of positive cosmological constant, radiation and component of generalize Chaplygin gas is studied. It is established (for the first time): (1) oscillating dependence of the penetrability on localization of start of the packet; (2) presence of resonant values of energy of radiation $E_{\rm rad}$, at which the coefficient of penetration increases strongly. From analysis of these results it follows: (1) necessity to introduce initial condition into both non-stationary, and stationary quantum models; (2) presence of some definite values for the scale factor $a$, where start of expansion of universe is the most probable; (3) during expansion of universe in the initial stage its radius is changed not continuously, but passes consequently through definite discrete values and tends to continuous spectrum in latter time.Comment: 18 pages, 14 figures, 4 table

Enhancement of physical and reaction to fire properties of crude glycerol polyurethane foams filled with expanded graphite

The reation to fire of polyurethane foams (PUFs) has been a subject of increasing relevance, so in this study the reaction to fire performance of PUFs derived from crude glycerol (CG) has been improved using expanded graphite (EG). The influence of different loadings of EG on the physical–mechanical properties of composite foams has been assessed and the results obtained show that it has significant positive impact. Moreover, the reaction to fire of the PUF and EG/PUF composites has been investigated and the results obtained showed that the fire behavior of composite foams containing as little as 5 wt% of EG are significantly improved. Indeed a dramatic reduction of the rate of heat release, mass loss rate, effective heat of combustion and specific extinction area, has been observed even for a relative low amount of EG. Likewise, the use of Infrared Thermography as a function of time has proven that, when EG is used, the combustion stops suddenly and the temperature drops sharply compared with the behavior of the unfilled PUF sample, which suggests that EG acts like a flame extinguisher. The results obtained have proven the suitability of CG for the production of PUFs and that the addition of EG considerably improves the reaction to fire of composite foams.publishe

Development of structural layers PVC incorporating phase change materials for thermal energy storage

The use of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) structural layers incorporating phase change materials (PCM) for latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) has become more attractive in the recent years compared to other supporting materials. In this study, PVC layers with different types of PCM were prepared using blending and compression moulding methods. Two types of synthesized PCM, one based on paraffin and calcium carbonate (PCM@CaCO3) and the other on paraffin, silica and graphene oxide (PCM@SiGO) have been developed to enhance the thermal conductivity of the PVC matrix and thus achieve a more effective charging and discharging process. PVC layers prepared using a commercial PCM (PCM@BASF) were also prepared for comparison. SEM images and DSC results reveal homogeneous distribution of the PCM in PVC layers and that most PCM particles are undamaged. The shell material (in the case of PCM@BASF) and the shape stability (in the case of synthesized PCM@CaCO3 and PCM@SiGO) prevent leakage of molten paraffin during the PVC layer production. The thermal conductivity profile of the PVC layer without PCM have a decreasing tendency with the temperature increase when determined using different measurement approaches, the transient plane heat source method (HotDisk Analyser, TPS 2500 S) and thermal flux meter method (steady-state method). However, for PVC layers with PCM the thermal conductivity profile shows a different behaviour when the mean surface temperature of the specimen is below the phase change transition temperature range (increasing tendency). During phase change transition (18–26 °C), the thermal conductivity presents two distinct tendencies. Firstly, the thermal conductivity reveals a decreasing tendency as the mean temperature of the specimen rises and afterwards an increasing tendency. Secondly, when the mean surface temperature is above the phase change transition temperature range, the thermal conductivity profile shows a decreasing tendency, independent of the PCM. The mechanical properties of PVC layers were also assessed and the results obtained revealed that the incorporation of PCM into the PVC matrix reduces the mechanical performance of the composites, however for LHETS applications not subjected to high tensile stress levels (over 1 kPa), this is not a significant drawback.publishe

Multihole water oxidation catalysis on haematite photoanodes revealed by operando spectroelectrochemistry and DFT

Water oxidation is the key kinetic bottleneck of photoelectrochemical devices for fuel synthesis. Despite advances in the identification of intermediates, elucidating the catalytic mechanism of this multi redox reaction on metal oxide photoanodes remains a significant experimental and theoretical challenge. Here, we report an experimental analysis of water oxidation kinetics on four widely studied metal oxides, focusing particularly on haematite. We observe that haematite is able to access a reaction mechanism that is third order in surface hole density, which is assigned to equilibration between three surface holes and M OH O M OH sites. This reaction exhibits low activation energy Ea amp; 8201; amp; 8776; amp; 8201;60 amp; 8201;meV . Density functional theory is used to determine the energetics of charge accumulation and O O bond formation on a model haematite 110 surface. The proposed mechanism shows parallels with the function of the oxygen evolving complex of photosystem II, and provides new insights into the mechanism of heterogeneous water oxidation on a metal oxide surfac

Estabilidade de agregados de um latossolo amarelo distrocoeso de tabuleiro costeiro sob diferentes aportes de resíduos orgânicos da cana-de-açúcar

O potencial produtivo da cana-de-açúcar decorre de fatores relacionados ao clima, ao solo e à variedade cultivada. Sistemas de manejo que proporcionem a adição de resíduos orgânicos ao solo podem provocar alterações em seus atributos físicos, favorecendo o crescimento do sistema radicular e a produtividade da canade-açúcar. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de diferentes sistemas de manejo com cana-de-açúcar com diversos níveis de adição de resíduos orgânicos sobre a distribuição e os índices de estabilidade de agregados de um Latossolo Amarelo distrocoeso dos tabuleiros costeiros de Alagoas. Foram selecionadas áreas em talhões de produção com a cultura da cana-de-açúcar: uma área cultivada sob sistema de manejo irrigado (SMI), uma área sob sistema de manejo de fertirrigação com vinhaça (SMV) e uma área sob sistema de manejo com aplicação de vinhaça + torta de filtro (SMVT). Esses sistemas de manejo foram comparados entre si e em relação a uma testemunha-padrão, representada por um fragmento de Mata Atlântica (MN). Para avaliar a distribuição e os índices de estabilidade de agregados, amostras do solo foram coletadas ao acaso, nas áreas submetidas aos diferentes sistemas de manejo, nas profundidades de 0-0,20, 0,20-0,40 e 0,40-0,60 m, sendo retiradas num ponto situado nas entrelinhas da cana-de-açúcar. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5 %. Estudos de correlações simples foram realizados entre algumas variáveis medidas. Os resultados permitiram concluir que os diferentes sistemas de manejo promoveram alterações na distribuição de agregados do solo e a estabilização dos agregados na camada superficial dependeu do teor de matéria orgânica e da ação dos ciclos sucessivos de umedecimento e secagem do solo. Os estudos de correlações entre o carbono orgânico total e os índices de estabilidade dos agregados apresentaram correlações significativas e positivas.The potential yield of sugarcane depends on factors related to climate, soil and the plant variety. Management systems that provide the addition of organic waste to the soil can cause changes in physical attributes of the soil, enhancing the growth of the root system and sugarcane yield. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different management systems at several levels of organic residue addition on the distribution and indices of aggregate stability of dystrophic cohesive Yellow Latosol of coastal plains, in the State of Alagoas. Plots were selected in the following sugarcane-growing areas: area under irrigation management system, area fertigated with vinasse, and an area under application of vinasse + filter cake. These management systems were compared to each other and to a control (native forest). To evaluate the distribution and stability indices of soil aggregates, soil samples were randomly collected in the different areas, at the depths 0-0.20; 0.20-0.40 and 0.40-0.60 m, at points between two neighboring sugarcane rows. The results were subjected to analysis of variance and the mean compared by the Tukey test at 5 % significance. Simple correlation analysis was performed between some measured variables. Results showed that the different management systems induced changes in the aggregate distribution and that the stabilization of soil aggregates in the surface layer dependeds on the organic matter content and the action of successive cycles of soil wetting and drying. The studies of simple correlations showed that total organic C and aggregate stability indices were significantly and positively correlated