Desenvolvimento do limoeiro 'Volkameriano' (Citrus volkameriana Pasq.) submetido a doses de paclobutrazol e ácido giberélico

O trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos de concentrações de paclobutrazol (PBZ) e ácido giberélico (GA3) sobre o desenvolvimento de plantas de limoeiro 'Volkameriano' cultivadas em sacolas plásticas, contendo 2,5 dm³ de substrato. O experimento foi montado em esquema fatorial 4x 2, sendo quatro concentrações de PBZ (0; 75; 150 e 225 mg do i.a. planta-1) e duas de GA3 (0 e 20 mg do i.a. L-1), no delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições e cinco plantas por unidade experimental. Concentrações crescentes de PBZ reduziram o comprimento e diâmetro de caule, comprimento dos entrenós e área foliar, e aumentaram a massa foliar específica e as unidades SPAD. O GA3 reverteu a ação do PBZ. A aplicação de concentrações crescentes de PBZ, na presença de GA3, aumentou o diâmetro de caule até o valor máximo de 0,973 cm, que foi alcançado com a concentração estimada de 90,0 mg planta-1 de PBZ. O aumento das concentrações de PBZ não alterou o número de folhas, enquanto o GA3, na ausência do PBZ, aumentou em 10% o número de folhas e reduziu em 17,93% o comprimento de caule

Phosphoinositides Regulate Membrane-dependent Actin Assembly by Latex Bead Phagosomes

Actin assembly on membrane surfaces is an elusive process in which several phosphoinositides (PIPs) have been implicated. We have reconstituted actin assembly using a defined membrane surface, the latex bead phagosome (LBP), and shown that the PI(4,5)P(2)-binding proteins ezrin and/or moesin were essential for this process (Defacque et al., 2000b). Here, we provide several lines of evidence that both preexisting and newly synthesized PI(4,5)P(2), and probably PI(4)P, are essential for phagosomal actin assembly; only these PIPs were routinely synthesized from ATP during in vitro actin assembly. Treatment of LBP with phospholipase C or with adenosine, an inhibitor of type II PI 4-kinase, as well as preincubation with anti-PI(4)P or anti-PI(4,5)P(2) antibodies all inhibited this process. Incorporation of extra PI(4)P or PI(4,5)P(2) into the LBP membrane led to a fivefold increase in the number of phagosomes that assemble actin. An ezrin mutant mutated in the PI(4,5)P(2)-binding sites was less efficient in binding to LBPs and in reconstituting actin assembly than wild-type ezrin. Our data show that PI 4- and PI 5-kinase, and under some conditions also PI 3-kinase, activities are present on LBPs and can be activated by ATP, even in the absence of GTP or cytosolic components. However, PI 3-kinase activity is not required for actin assembly, because the process was not affected by PI 3-kinase inhibitors. We suggest that the ezrin-dependent actin assembly on the LBP membrane may require active turnover of D4 and D5 PIPs on the organelle membrane