Direct Effect of Type 1 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1) on Intestinal Epithelial Cell Differentiation: Relationship to HIV-1 Enteropathy

AbstractHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients display severe impairments of gastrointestinal functions, including diarrhea and malabsorption, even in the absence of opportunistic infections. Since HIV-1 proteins and nucleic acids have been detected in several cell types of the intestinal mucosa, it has been postulated that HIV-1 itself could alter enterocytic functions. In the present study, we analyzed the effect of HIV-1 on the differentiation process of the epithelial intestinal cell clone HT-29-D4, which mimics the maturation of enterocytes along the crypt–villus axis of the small intestine. We found that HIV-1 infection impairs cellular differentiation (i) by affecting the barrier function of the epithelium, as evidenced by a decrease in the transepithelial electrical resistance, and (ii) by inhibiting the activity of one major glucose absorption function, i.e., sodium/glucose cotransport. At the morphological level, HIV-1 infection of HT-29-D4 cells was associated with the formation of lumina, which are representative of a defect in cellular organization. These morphofunctional perturbations induced by HIV-1 could be mimicked by nocodazole, a microtubule-disrupting agent. Correspondingly, HIV-1 exposure of HT-29-D4 cells evoked a massive disruption of microtubules, as revealed by α-tubulin indirect immunofluorescence staining. A similar effect was observed after incubation of the cells with either recombinant gp120 or a monoclonal antibody against galactosylceramide (GalCer), the intestinal receptor for HIV-1 gp120, suggesting that the effect of HIV-1 was mediated by the binding of gp120 to GalCer. Based on these data, we propose that HIV-1 may selectively alter enterocytic functions through a direct effect on the intracellular architecture of the cells. In contrast with previous theories for HIV-1 enteropathy, our data support the concept that HIV-1 may perturb intestinal functions without necessarily infecting intestinal epithelial cells

Connecting mitochondrial dynamics and life-or-death events via Bcl-2 family proteins

International audienceThe morphology of a population of mitochondria is the result of several interacting dynamical phenomena, including fission, fusion, movement, elimination and biogenesis. Each of these phenomena is controlled by underlying molecular machinery, and when defective can cause disease. New understanding of the relationships between form and function of mitochondria in health and disease is beginning to be unraveled on several fronts. Studies in mammals and model organisms have revealed that mitochondrial morphology, dynamics and function appear to be subject to regulation by the same proteins that regulate apoptotic cell death. One protein family that influences mitochondrial dynamics in both healthy and dying cells is the Bcl-2 protein family. Connecting mitochondrial dynamics with life-death pathway forks may arise from the intersection of Bcl-2 family proteins with the proteins and lipids that determine mitochondrial shape and function. Bcl-2 family proteins also have multifaceted influences on cells and mitochondria, including calcium handling, autophagy and energetics, as well as the subcellular localization of mitochondrial organelles to neuronal synapses. The remarkable range of physical or functional interactions by Bcl-2 family proteins is challenging to assimilate into a cohesive understanding. Most of their effects may be distinct from their direct roles in apoptotic cell death and are particularly apparent in the nervous system. Dual roles in mitochondrial dynamics and cell death extend beyond BCL-2 family proteins. In this review, we discuss many processes that govern mitochondrial structure and function in health and disease, and how Bcl-2 family proteins integrate into some of these processes

Topological Control of Life and Death in Non-Proliferative Epithelia

Programmed cell death is one of the most fascinating demonstrations of the plasticity of biological systems. It is classically described to act upstream of and govern major developmental patterning processes (e.g. inter-digitations in vertebrates, ommatidia in Drosophila). We show here the first evidence that massive apoptosis can also be controlled and coordinated by a pre-established pattern of a specific ‘master cell’ population. This new concept is supported by the development and validation of an original model of cell patterning. Ciona intestinalis eggs are surrounded by a three-layered follicular organization composed of 60 elongated floating extensions made of as many outer and inner cells, and indirectly spread through an extracellular matrix over 1200 test cells. Experimental and selective ablation of outer and inner cells results in the abrogation of apoptosis in respective remaining neighbouring test cells. In addition incubation of outer/inner follicular cell-depleted eggs with a soluble extract of apoptotic outer/inner cells partially restores apoptosis to apoptotic-defective test cells. The 60 inner follicular cells were thus identified as ‘apoptotic master’ cells which collectively are induction sites for programmed cell death of the underlying test cells. The position of apoptotic master cells is controlled by topological constraints exhibiting a tetrahedral symmetry, and each cell spreads over and can control the destiny of 20 smaller test cells, which leads to optimized apoptosis signalling

Catalytically inactive human cathepsin D triggers fibroblast invasive growth

The aspartyl-protease cathepsin D (cath-D) is overexpressed and hypersecreted by epithelial breast cancer cells and stimulates their proliferation. As tumor epithelial–fibroblast cell interactions are important events in cancer progression, we investigated whether cath-D overexpression affects also fibroblast behavior. We demonstrate a requirement of cath-D for fibroblast invasive growth using a three-dimensional (3D) coculture assay with cancer cells secreting or not pro-cath-D. Ectopic expression of cath-D in cath-D–deficient fibroblasts stimulates 3D outgrowth that is associated with a significant increase in fibroblast proliferation, survival, motility, and invasive capacity, accompanied by activation of the ras–MAPK pathway. Interestingly, all these stimulatory effects on fibroblasts are independent of cath-D proteolytic activity. Finally, we show that pro-cath-D secreted by cancer cells is captured by fibroblasts and partially mimics effects of transfected cath-D. We conclude that cath-D is crucial for fibroblast invasive outgrowth and could act as a key paracrine communicator between cancer and stromal cells, independently of its catalytic activity

Alteration of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca

Mutations of Ca(2+)-activated proteases (calpains) cause muscular dystrophies. Nevertheless, the specific role of calpains in Ca(2+) signalling during the onset of dystrophies remains unclear. We investigated Ca(2+) handling in skeletal cells from calpain 3-deficient mice. [Ca(2+)](i) responses to caffeine, a ryanodine receptor (RyR) agonist, were decreased in −/− myotubes and absent in −/− myoblasts. The −/− myotubes displayed smaller amplitudes of the Ca(2+) transients induced by cyclopiazonic acid in comparison to wild type cells. Inhibition of L-type Ca(2+) channels (LCC) suppressed the caffeine-induced [Ca(2+)](i) responses in −/− myotubes. Hence, the absence of calpain 3 modifies the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca(2+) release, by a decrease of the SR content, an impairment of RyR signalling, and an increase of LCC activity. We propose that calpain 3-dependent proteolysis plays a role in activating support proteins of intracellular Ca(2+) signalling at a stage of cellular differentiation which is crucial for skeletal muscle regeneration

Influence de la temperature et des conditions trophiques sur la physiologie de Ruditapes decussatus L. (Mollusque lemellibranche). Proposition d'un nouveau modele conceptuel de croissance

SIGLEINIST TD 19853 / INIST-CNRS - Institut de l'Information Scientifique et TechniqueFRFranc

Origine de la stabilité morphogénétique dans les épithéliums de métazoaires

La structure polygonale des épithéliums mono-stratifiés exerce une certaine fascination sur les biologistes depuis les observations originales par Robert Hooke en 1665. Cependant, il est difficile d expliquer comment la stabilité de la morphogenèse est atteinte, i.e. comment les structures polygonales maintiennent la régularité au sein d'un individu, entre les individus et au sein des phylums. Dans ces travaux, nous introduisons une nouvelle mesure quantitative de la stabilité de la morphogenèse entre individus appelée l'homéostasie topologique. Nous démontrons que les épithéliums non-prolifératifs, formés par un processus d'accrétion, sont plus stables que les épithéliums prolifératifs. Dans le contexte de prolifération, l'homéostasie topologique dépend du rapport apoptose/mitose comme en témoigne le modèle Drosophila où l'homéostasie épithéliale diminue drastiquement quand l'apoptose est inhibée dans les disques imaginaux. Ainsi, l'apoptose agit comme un régulateur positif dans la canalisation de la stabilité de la morphogenèse. En outre, des simulations numériques reproduisant la morphogenèse épithéliale, basées sur la physique des milieux divisés, décrivent comment les mécanismes d'accrétion dans les épithéliums non prolifératifs et l'apoptose dans les épithéliums prolifératifs sont des moyens efficaces pour parvenir à la stabilité morphogénétique.The polygonal structure of mono-stratified epithelia exerts a unique fascination among biologists since the original observations of Robert Hooke in 1665. However, it is always unclear how the stability of morphogenesis is achieved, i.e., how these polygonal structures maintain regularity among individual, between individuals and among all phyla, and among individuals for each tissue within each species. Here, we introduce a new and quantitative measure of the level of morphologic stability between individuals, referred to as topological homeostasis. We demonstrated that non-proliferative epithelia, formed by an accretion process, are significantly more regularly stabilized than proliferative ones. In proliferative context, topological homeostasis directly depends on the apoptosis/mitosis ratio, as evidenced in the Drosophila imaginal disc model, where topological homeostasis drastically drops down when apoptosis is inhibited. Apoptosis therefore acts as an unexpected positive regulator in the canalization of morphogenetic stability. In addition, numerical simulations of epithelial morphogenesis, based on the physics of devided media, described how accretion mechanisms in non-proliferative epithelia, and, apoptosis in proliferative ones, are efficient means to achieve morphogenetic stability.MONTPELLIER-BU Sciences (341722106) / SudocSudocFranceF

Caractérisation de l'apoptose des cellules folliculaires de l'oeuf de "Ciona intestinalis"

MONTPELLIER-BU Sciences (341722106) / SudocSudocFranceF

Interaction hôte-pathogène (apoptose induite par une nouvelle cytotoxine secrétée par la bactérie entomopathogène "xenorhabdus nematophila")

MONTPELLIER-BU Sciences (341722106) / SudocSudocFranceF