Social network clustering and the spread of HIV/AIDS among persons who inject drugs in 2 cities in the Philippines

Introduction: The Philippines has seen rapid increases in HIV prevalence among people who inject drugs. We study 2 neighboring cities where a linked HIV epidemic differed in timing of onset and levels of prevalence. In Cebu, prevalence rose rapidly from below 1% to 54% between 2009 and 2011 and remained high through 2013. In nearby Mandaue, HIV remained below 4% through 2011 then rose rapidly to 38% by 2013. Objectives: We hypothesize that infection prevalence differences in these cities may owe to aspects of social network structure, specifically levels of network clustering. Building on previous research, we hypothesize that higher levels of network clustering are associated with greater epidemic potential. Methods: Data were collected with respondent-driven sampling among men who inject drugs in Cebu and Mandaue in 2013. We first examine sample composition using estimators for population means. We then apply new estimators of network clustering in respondent-driven sampling data to examine associations with HIV prevalence. Results: Samples in both cities were comparable in composition by age, education, and injection locations. Dyadic needle-sharing levels were also similar between the 2 cities, but network clustering in the needle-sharing network differed dramatically. We found higher clustering in Cebu than Mandaue, consistent with expectations that higher clustering is associated with faster epidemic spread. Conclusions: This article is the first to apply estimators of network clustering to empirical respondent-driven samples, and it offers suggestive evidence that researchers should pay greater attention to network structure's role in HIV transmission dynamics

Measurement of depression treatment among patients receiving HIV primary care: Whither the truth?

Background: Prescription records, manual chart review, and patient self-report are each imperfect measures of depression treatment in HIV-infected adults. Methods: We compared antidepressant prescription records in an electronic data warehouse with antidepressant treatment and psychotherapy identified via manual chart review and self-report for patients at 6 academic HIV treatment centers. We examined concordance among these three sources, and used latent class analysis (LCA) to estimate sensitivity and specificity of each measure. Results: In our charts sample (n = 586), 59% had chart indication of “any depression treatment” and 46% had a warehouse prescription record. Antidepressant use was concordant between charts and data warehouse for 77% of the sample. In our self-report sample (n = 677), 52% reported any depression treatment and 43% had a warehouse prescription record. Self-report of antidepressant treatment was consistent with prescription records for 71% of the sample. LCA estimates of sensitivity and specificity for “any depression treatment” were 67% and 90% (warehouse), 87% and 75% (self-report), and 96% and 77% (chart). Limitations: There is no gold standard to measure depression treatment. Antidepressants may be prescribed to patients for conditions other than depression. The results may not be generalizable to patient populations in non-academic HIV clinics. Regarding LCA, dependence of errors may have led to overestimation of sensitivity and specificity. Conclusions: Prescription records were largely concordant with self-report and chart review, but there were discrepancies. Studies of depression in HIV-infected patients would benefit from using multiple measures of depression treatment or correcting for exposure misclassification

Neighborhood language isolation and depressive symptoms among elderly U.S. Latinos

Purpose: Neighborhood segregation related to cultural factors, such as language use, may influence elderly Latino depression. We examined the association between neighborhood-level Spanish language segregation and individual depressive symptoms among elderly Latinos. Methods: We linked U.S. Census language use data with geocoded population-based data from 1789 elderly Latinos (mean age = 70.6 years) participating in the Sacramento Area Latino Study on Aging (1998–2008). Neighborhood language segregation was measured with the Index of Concentration at the Extremes, which demonstrates the extent to which residents are concentrated at extremes of deprivation and privilege. We fit two-level generalized linear-mixed models with random intercepts for census tracts to quantify the association between neighborhood-level language segregation and depressive symptoms, adjusting for identified confounders. Results: After adjusting for age, sex, and nativity, residents of highly segregated Spanish-speaking neighborhoods had more depressive symptoms than those in highly segregated English-only-speaking neighborhoods (β = −4.410; 95% confidence interval [CI] = −6.851 to −1.970). This association was largely attenuated upon adjustment for individual-level education (β = −2.119; 95% CI = −4.650 to 0.413). Conclusions: Linguistically segregated communities may benefit from targeted outreach given the high depression prevalence in these neighborhoods. Furthermore, our findings suggest that limited access to fundamental social protections, such as education, may drive the segregation-depression association among U.S. Latinos. © 2018 Elsevier Inc

Study protocol for evaluating the effectiveness of depression management on gylcaemic control in non-communicable diseases clinics in Malawi

Introduction Depression is associated with negative patient outcomes for chronic diseases and likely affects consistent physical non-communicable diseases (NCDs) care management in relation to clinic attendance and medication adherence. We found no published studies on the integration of depression management in physical NCD clinics in Malawi and assessing its effects on patient and service outcomes. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of integrating depression screening and management in physical NCD routine care on patient and service outcomes in Malawi. We will also determine the sensitivity and specificity of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) in the detection of depression in NCD clinics. Methods and analysis The study will have two phases. Phase I will involve the validation of the PHQ-9 screening tool for depression, using a cross-sectional study design involving 323 participants, in two specialised physical NCD clinics in one of the 28 districts of Malawi. Using a quasi-experimental study design in four districts of Malawi not involved in the phase I study, the phase II study will evaluate the effectiveness of integrating depression screening (using PHQ-9) and management (based on a specially designed toolkit). Outcomes will be measured at 3 months and 6 months among patients with comorbid diabetes (poorly controlled) and depression attending physical NCD clinics in Malawi. Ethics and dissemination Ethical approval was obtained from the University of Malawi, College of Medicine Research and Ethics Committee (COMREC) on 31 August 2017 (reference P.07/17/2218). The findings will be disseminated through presentations at journal clubs, senior management of the Ministry of Health, national and international conferences as well as submission to peer-reviewed publications. Policy briefs will also be created. Trial registration number PACTR201807135104799

Educational mobility across generations and depressive symptoms over 10 years among US latinos

Few studies have collected intergenerational data to assess the association between educational mobility across multiple generations and offspring depression. Using data from the Sacramento Area Latino Study on Aging (1998-2008), we assessed the influence of intergenerational education on depressive symptoms over 10 years among 1,786 Latino individuals (mean age = 70.6 years). Educational mobility was classified as stable-low (low parental/low offspring education), upwardly mobile (low parental/high offspring education), stable-high (high parental/ high offspring education), or downwardly mobile (high parental/low offspring education). Depressive symptoms were measured with the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D); higher scores indicated more depressive symptoms. To quantify the association between educational mobility and CES-D scores over follow-up, we used generalized estimating equations to account for repeated CES-D measurements and adjusted for identified confounders. Within individuals, depressive symptoms remained relatively stable over follow-up. Compared with stable-low education, stable-high education and upward mobility were associated with significantly lower CES-D scores (β = -2.75 and -2.18, respectively). Downwardly mobile participants had slightly lower CES-D scores than stable-low participants (β = -0.77). Our results suggest that sustained, low educational attainment across generations may have adverse mental health consequences, and improved educational opportunities in underresourced communitiesmay counteract the adverse influence of low parental education on Latino depression

Early, regular breast-milk pumping may lead to early breast-milk feeding cessation

Objective To estimate the effect of early, regular breast-milk pumping on time to breast-milk feeding (BMF) and exclusive BMF cessation, for working and non-working women.Design Using the Infant Feeding Practices Survey II (IFPS II), we estimated weighted hazard ratios (HR) for the effect of regular pumping (participant defined) compared with non-regular/not pumping, reported at month 2, on both time to BMF cessation (to 12 months) and time to exclusive BMF cessation (to 6 months), using inverse probability weights to control confounding.Setting USA, 2005-2007.Subjects BMF (n 1624) and exclusively BMF (n 971) IFPS II participants at month 2.Results The weighted HR for time to BMF cessation was 1·62 (95 % CI 1·47, 1·78) and for time to exclusive BMF cessation was 1·14 (95 % CI 1·03, 1·25). Among non-working women, the weighted HR for time to BMF cessation was 2·05 (95 % CI 1·84, 2·28) and for time to exclusive BMF cessation was 1·10 (95 % CI 0·98, 1·22). Among working women, the weighted HR for time to BMF cessation was 0·90 (95 % CI 0·75, 1·07) and for time to exclusive BMF cessation was 1·14 (95 % CI 0·96, 1·36).Conclusions Overall, regular pumpers were more likely to stop BMF and exclusive BMF than non-regular/non-pumpers. Non-working regular pumpers were more likely than non-regular/non-pumpers to stop BMF. There was no effect among working women. Early, regular pumpers may need specialized support to maintain BMF

The cost-effectiveness of depression screening for the general adult population

Background: Depression is a treatable disease, and untreated depression can lead to serious health complications and decrease the quality of life. Therefore, prevention, early identification, and treatment efforts are essential. Screening has an essential role in preventive medicine in the general population. Ideally, screening tools detect patients early enough to manage the disease and reduce symptoms. We aimed to determine the cost-effectiveness of routine screening schedules. Methods: We used a discrete-time nonstationary Markov model to simulate the progression of depression. We used Monte Carlo techniques to simulate the stochastic model for 20 years or during the lifetime of individuals. Baseline and screening scenario models with screening frequencies of annual, 2-year, and 5-year strategies were compared based on incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICER). Monte Carlo (MC) simulation and one-way sensitivity analysis were conducted to manage uncertainties. Results: In the general population, all screening strategies were cost-effective compared to the baseline. However, male and female populations differed based on cost over quality-adjusted life years (QALY). Females had lower ICERs, and annual screening had the highest ICER for females, with 11,134$/QALY gained. In contrast, males had around three times higher ICER, with annual screening costs of 34,065$/QALY gained. Limitations: We assumed that the screening frequency was not changing at any time during the screening scenario. In our calculations, false-positive cases were not taking into account. Conclusions: Considering the high lifetime prevalence and recurrence rates of depression, detection and prevention efforts can be one critical cornerstone to support required care. Our analysis combined the expected benefits and costs of screening and assessed the effectiveness of screening scenarios. We conclude that routine screening is cost-effective for all age groups of females and young, middle-aged males

Measuring fatigue in people living with HIV/AIDS: Psychometric characteristics of the HIV-Related Fatigue Scale

In the era of life-prolonging antiretroviral therapy, chronic fatigue is one of the most prevalent and disabling symptoms of people living with HIV/AIDS, yet its measurement remains challenging. No instruments have been developed specifically to describe HIV-related fatigue. We assessed the reliability and construct validity of the HIV-Related Fatigue Scale (HRFS), a 56-item self-report instrument developed through formative qualitative research and designed to measure the intensity and consequences of fatigue as well as the circumstances surrounding fatigue in people living with HIV. The HRFS has three main scales, which measure fatigue intensity, the responsiveness of fatigue to circumstances and fatigue-related impairment of functioning. The functioning scale can be further divided into subscales measuring impairment of activities of daily living, impairment of mental functioning and impairment of social functioning. Each scale demonstrated high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha=0.93, 0.91 and 0.97 for the intensity, responsiveness and functioning scales, respectively). The HRFS scales also demonstrated satisfactory convergent validity when compared to other fatigue measures. HIV-Related Fatigue Scales were moderately correlated with quality of nighttime sleep (rho=0.46, 0.47 and 0.35) but showed only weak correlations with daytime sleepiness (rho=0.20, 0.33 and 0.18). The scales were also moderately correlated with general mental and physical health as measured by the SF-36 Health Survey (rho ranged from 0.30 to 0.68 across the 8 SF-36 subscales with most >0.40). The HRFS is a promising tool to help facilitate research on the prevalence, etiology and consequences of fatigue in people living with HIV

Perceived need, barriers to and facilitators of mental health care among HIV-infected PWID in Hanoi, Vietnam: A qualitative study

Background: The HIV epidemic in Vietnam has been primarily driven by injection drug use. HIV-infected people who inject drugs (PWID) in Vietnam have very high rates of mental health problems, which can accelerate progression to AIDS and increase mortality rates. No research has explored the barriers and facilitators of mental health care for HIV-infected PWID in Vietnam. Methods: We conducted 28 in-depth interviews among HIV-infected PWID (n = 16), HIV and MMT (methadone maintenance treatment) providers (n = 8), and health officials (n = 4) in Hanoi. We explored participants' perceptions of mental health disorders, and barriers and facilitators to seeking and receiving mental health care. Results: HIV-infected PWID were perceived by both PWID, HIV/MMT providers, and health officials to be vulnerable to mental health problems and to have great need for mental health care. Perceived social, physical, and economical barriers included stigma towards HIV, injection drug use, and mental illnesses; lack of awareness around mental health issues; lack of human resources, facilities and information on mental health services; and limited affordability of mental health services. Social support from family and healthcare providers was a perceived facilitator of mental health care. Conclusions: Interventions should raise self-awareness of HIV-infected PWID about common mental health problems; address social, physical, economic barriers to seeking mental health services; and increase social support for patients

DIP: Natural history model for major depression with incidence and prevalence

Background: Major depression is a treatable disease, and untreated depression can lead to serious health complications. Therefore, prevention, early identification, and treatment efforts are essential. Natural history models can be utilized to make informed decisions about interventions and treatments of major depression. Methods: We propose a natural history model of major depression. We use steady-state analysis to study the discrete-time Markov chain model. For this purpose, we solved the system of linear equations and tested the parameter and transition probabilities empirically. Results: We showed that bias in parameters might collectively cause a significant mismatch in a model. If incidence is correct, then lifetime prevalence is 33.2% for females and 20.5% for males, which is higher than reported values. If prevalence is correct, then incidence is .0008 for females and .00065 for males, which is lower than reported values. The model can achieve feasibility if incidence is at low levels and recall bias of the lifetime prevalence is quantified to be 31.9% for females and 16.3% for males. Limitations: This model is limited to major depression, and patients who have other types of depression are assumed healthy. We assume that transition probabilities (except incidence rates) are correct. Conclusion: We constructed a preliminary model for the natural history of major depression. We determined the lifetime prevalences are underestimated and the average incidence rates may be underestimated for males. We conclude that recall bias needs to be accounted for in modeling or burden estimates, where the recall bias should increase with age