Effect of axial ligands on the spectroelectrochemical properties of zinc phthalocyanine films. In situ Raman and electroreflection spectra

Electroreflection and Raman spectra (in situ and ex situ) of zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) films (80 nm thick) have been studied. Raman spectra were resonantly and preresonantly enhanced. Both electroreflection and Raman experiments reveal the homogeneous inclusion of electrolyte anions upon oxidation of the film. The anions coordinate preferentially axial positions of the ZnPc molecule. This process is accompanied by an out-of-plane deformation of the phthalocyanine macrocycle, which results in the change of both electroreflection and Raman spectra. The ZnPc molecule remains deformed when the film is saturated with anions. The detailed analysis of new bands and altered intensities in the Raman spectrum indicates that the molecular symmetry point group changes from the D4h point group to C2v. The influence of ZnPc oxidation on the Raman excitation mechanism has been also studied. Effects of axial ligands on the molecular geometry have been studied by quantum chemical calculations for the ZnPc+, ZnPc+Cl¿ and ZnPc+(Cl¿)2 species using the unrestricted Hartree¿Fock variant of the MNDO method. Calculation results show that the ZnPc molecule undergoes an out-of-plane deformation when one axial position is coordinated by the anion

The Earth: Plasma Sources, Losses, and Transport Processes

This paper reviews the state of knowledge concerning the source of magnetospheric plasma at Earth. Source of plasma, its acceleration and transport throughout the system, its consequences on system dynamics, and its loss are all discussed. Both observational and modeling advances since the last time this subject was covered in detail (Hultqvist et al., Magnetospheric Plasma Sources and Losses, 1999) are addressed

TRY plant trait database – enhanced coverage and open access

Plant traits—the morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical and phenological characteristics of plants—determine how plants respond to environmental factors, affect other trophic levels, and influence ecosystem properties and their benefits and detriments to people. Plant trait data thus represent the basis for a vast area of research spanning from evolutionary biology, community and functional ecology, to biodiversity conservation, ecosystem and landscape management, restoration, biogeography and earth system modelling. Since its foundation in 2007, the TRY database of plant traits has grown continuously. It now provides unprecedented data coverage under an open access data policy and is the main plant trait database used by the research community worldwide. Increasingly, the TRY database also supports new frontiers of trait‐based plant research, including the identification of data gaps and the subsequent mobilization or measurement of new data. To support this development, in this article we evaluate the extent of the trait data compiled in TRY and analyse emerging patterns of data coverage and representativeness. Best species coverage is achieved for categorical traits—almost complete coverage for ‘plant growth form’. However, most traits relevant for ecology and vegetation modelling are characterized by continuous intraspecific variation and trait–environmental relationships. These traits have to be measured on individual plants in their respective environment. Despite unprecedented data coverage, we observe a humbling lack of completeness and representativeness of these continuous traits in many aspects. We, therefore, conclude that reducing data gaps and biases in the TRY database remains a key challenge and requires a coordinated approach to data mobilization and trait measurements. This can only be achieved in collaboration with other initiatives