Electrochemical and Optical Methods for the Quantification of Lead and Other Heavy Metal Ions in Liquid Samples

Minerals and elementary compounds of heavy metals are part of the ecosystem. Because of their high density and property to accumulate in stable forms, they are considered to be highly toxic to animals, plants and humans. Continuous mining activities and industrial effluents are the major sources which are adding toxic heavy metal ions into ecosystem and biota. Hence it is of utmost importance to quantify the levels of heavy metal ions in environmental and biological samples. On the other hand, it is equally important to remove the heavy metal ions and their compounds from the environmental and biological samples. That facilitates the environmental samples to be fit for using, consumption. In this regard, promising quantification methods such as electrochemical, spectrophotometric, naked eye sensing, test strips for spot analysis of heavy metal ions are considered for discussion. The main objective of this chapter is to give the overview of the most practiced quantification approaches available in the literature. Please note that reader cannot find the pin to pin publications regarding the same and that is not the aim of this book chapter

Crystal structure of 2-amino-3-(N-O-chlorophenylcarboxamido)-3,4-dimethylthiophene

2-Amino-3-(N-O-chlorophenylcarboxamido)-3,4-dimethylthiophene has been characterized by the X-ray diffraction method. The compound crystallizes in monoclinic space group P21/c with cell parameters a = 8.4740(6)à , b = 7.5780(6)à , c = 20.5860(10)à , β = 100.27(4)o and Z = 4. The molecules appeared stacked. The crystal structure is stabilized by the intermolecular hydrogen bonds. 2003 © The Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry

Synthesis and crystal structure of N-p-Tolyl-2-acetylamino-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzobthiophene-3-carboxamide

N-p-tolyl-2-acetylamino-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophene-3-carboxamide (2) has been synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffraction method. The compound 2 crystallizes in monoclinic space group P21/c with cell parameters a = 12.651(8)Å, b = 12.429(2)Å, c = 21.752(3)Å, β = 99.138(6)°and Z = 8. The structure exhibits both intra and intermolecular hydrogen bonds. 2004 © The Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry

Synthesis and crystal structure of 5-allyl 5Hdibenzo [b,f]azepine

The crystals 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine 2 and 5-allyl-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine 3 were synthesized and characterized by X-ray crystallography. The compound 3 is a novel synthon for the construction of unusual isoxazoli(ne)dine rings bearing at the 5th position of dibenzo[b,f]azepine moiety. The compound 2 (C14H11N) crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group P212121 with the parameters a = 6.036(1) Å, b = 8.250(7) Å, c = 20.528(4) Å, Z = 4 and the final R factor is R1 = 0.0544. The compound 3 (C17H15N) crystallizes in the Hexagonal space group P61 with the parameters a = 11.043(9) Å, c = 18.575 Å, Z = 6 and the final R factor is R1 = 0.0373