63 research outputs found
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``Over the horizon`` SANS: Measurements on near-surface Poiseuille shear-induced ordering of dilute solutions of threadlike micelles
Although the behavior of a fluid under shear near a surface can be expected to be critically important to its drag and lubrication properties, most shear measurements to date have been of the bulk. This paper outlines the use of a specially developed Poiseuille shear cell at grazing incidence to measure the small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) signal from the first few tens of microns in the interfacial region. The authors illustrate the technique with measurements made on the near-surface ordering in flow past a quartz surface of dilute surfactant solutions comprising highly extended self-assembling ``threadlike`` micelles
Thermosensitive Nanocables Prepared by Surface-Initiated Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization
Thermosensitive nanocables consisting of Au nanowire cores and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) sheaths (denoted as Au/PNIPAAm) were synthesized by surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP). The formation of PNIPAAm sheath was verified by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) results confirmed the core/shell structure of nanohybrids. The thickness and density of PNIPAAm sheaths can be adjusted by controlling the amount of cross-linker during the polymerization. Signature temperature response was observed from Au/cross-linked-PNIPAAm nanocables. Such smart nanocables show immense potentials as building blocks for novel thermosensitive nanodevices in future
Computational methodology to determine fluid related parameters on non regular three-dimensional scaffolds
The application of three-dimensional (3D) biomaterials
to facilitate the adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation
of cells has been widely studied for tissue engineering
purposes. The fabrication methods used to improve the
mechanical response of the scaffold produce complex and
non regular structures. Apart from the mechanical aspect, the
fluid behavior in the inner part of the scaffold should also be
considered. Parameters such as permeability (k) or wall shear
stress (WSS) are important aspects in the provision of
nutrients, the removal of metabolic waste products or the
mechanically-induced differentiation of cells attached in the
trabecular network of the scaffolds. Experimental measurements
of these parameters are not available in all labs.
However, fluid parameters should be known prior to other
types of experiments. The present work compares an
experimental study with a computational fluid dynamics
(CFD) methodology to determine the related fluid parameters
(k and WSS) of complex non regular poly(L-lactic acid)
scaffolds based only on the treatment of microphotographic
images obtained with a microCT (lCT). The CFD analysis
shows similar tendencies and results with low relative
difference compared to those of the experimental study, for
high flow rates. For low flow rates the accuracy of this
prediction reduces. The correlation between the computational
and experimental results validates the robustness of the
proposed methodology.The authors gratefully acknowledge research support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through research project DPI2010-20399-C04-01. The Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) through the CIBER initiative and the Platform for Biological Tissue Characterization of the Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red en Bioingenieria, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) are also gratefully acknowledged.Acosta SantamarĂa, VA.; MalvĂ©, M.; Duizabo, A.; Mena Tobar, A.; Gallego Ferrer, G.; GarcĂa Aznar, J.; Doblare Castellano, M.... (2013). Computational methodology to determine fluid related parameters on non regular three-dimensional scaffolds. Annals of Biomedical Engineering. 41(11):2367-2380. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-013-0849-8S236723804111Acosta SantamarĂa, V., H. Deplaine, D. MariggiĂł, A. R. Villanueva-Molines, J. M. GarcĂa-Aznar, J. L. GĂłmez Ribelles, M. DoblarĂ©, G. Gallego Ferrer, and I. Ochoa. Influence of the macro and micro-porous structure on the mechanical behavior of poly(l-lactic acid) scaffolds. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 358(23):3141–3149, 2012.Adachi, T., Y. Osako, M. Tanaka, M. Hojo, and S. J. Hollister. Framework for optimal design of porous scaffold microstructure by computational simulation of bone regeneration. Biomaterials 27(21):3964–3972, 2006.Adamczyk, Z., and T. G. M. Vandeven. Deposition of particles under external forces in laminar-flow through parallel-plate and cylindrical channels. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 80(2):340–356, 1981.Alberich, B. A., D. Moratal, J. L. Escobar, J. C. RodrĂguez, A. VallĂ©s-Lluch, L. MartĂ-BonmatĂ, et al. Microcomputed tomography and microfinite element modeling for evaluating polymer scaffolds architecture and their mechanical properties. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater. 91B(1):191–202, 2009.Al-Munajjed, A., M. Hien, R. Kujat, J. P. Gleeson, and J. Hammer. Influence of pore size on tensile strength, permeability and porosity of hyaluronan-collagen scaffolds. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 19(8):2859–2864, 2008.Alves da Silva, M. L., A. Martins, A. R. Costa-Pinto, V. M. Correlo, P. Sol, M. Bhattacharya, S. Faria, R. L. Reis, and N. M. Neves. Chondrogenic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in chitosan-based scaffolds using a flow-perfusion bioreactor. J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med. 5(9):722–732, 2011.Ansys (2010) CFX Theory User Manual. Canonsburg, PA: Ansys Software.BrĂgido, R. D., J. M. EstellĂ©s, J. A. Sanz, J. M. GarcĂa-Aznar, and M. S. Sánchez. Polymer scaffolds with interconnected spherical pores and controlled architecture for tissue engineering: fabrication, mechanical properties, and finite element modeling. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater. 81B(2):448–455, 2007.Byrne, P. D., D. Lacroix, J. A. Planell, D. J. Kelly, and P. J. Prendergast. Simulation of tissue differentiation in a scaffold as a function of porosity, Young’s modulus and dissolution rate: application of mechanobiological models in tissue engineering. Biomaterials 28:5544–5554, 2007.Chor, M. V., and W. Li. A permeability measurement system for tissue engineering scaffolds. Meas. Sci. Technol. 18(1):208–216, 2007.Cozensroberts, C., J. A. Quinn, and D. A. Lauffenburger. Receptor-mediated adhesion phenomena—model studies with the radial-flow detachment assay. Biophys. J. 58(1):107–125, 1990.Davisson, T., R. L. Sah, and A. Ratcliffe. Perfusion increases cell content and matrix synthesis in chondrocyte three-dimensional cultures. Tissue Eng. 8(5):807–816, 2002.Deplaine, H., M. Lebourg, P. Ripalda, A. Vidaurre, P. Sanz-Ramos, G. Mora, F. PrĂłsper, I. Ochoa, M. DoblarĂ©, J. L. GĂłmez Ribelles, I. Izal-Azcárate, and G. Gallego Ferrer. Biomimetic hydroxyapatite coating on pore walls improves osteointegration of poly(l-lactic acid) scaffolds. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater. 101(1):173–186, 2013.Dias, M. R., P. R. Fernandes, J. M. Guedes, and S. J. Hollister. Permeability analysis of scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. J. Biomech. 45(6):938–944, 2012.Freyman, T. M., I. V. Yannas, and L. J. Gibson. Cellular materials as porous scaffolds for tissue engineering. Prog. Mater Sci. 46:273–282, 2001.Gong, S., H. Wang, Q. Sun, S. T. Xue, and J. Wang. Mechanical properties and in vitro biocompatibility of porous zein scaffolds. Biomaterials 27(20):3793–3799, 2006.Gutierrez, R. A., and E. T. Crumpler. Potential effect of geometry on wall shear stress distribution across scaffold surfaces. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 36(1):77–85, 2008.Hammer, D. A., and D. Lauffenburger. A dynamic-model for receptor-mediated cell adhesion to surfaces. Biophys. J. 52(3):475–487, 1987.Ho, S. T., and D. W. Hutmacher. A comparison of micro CT with other techniques used in the characterization of scaffolds. Biomaterials 27(8):1362–1376, 2006.Ho, M. H., P. Y. Kuo, H. J. Hsieh, T. Y. Hsien, L. T. Hou, J. Y. Lai, and D. M. Wang. Preparation of porous scaffolds by using freeze-extraction and freeze-gelation methods. Biomaterials 25(1):129–138, 2004.Hutmacher, D. W., J. T. Schantz, C. X. Lam, K. C. Tan, and T. C. Lim. State of the art and future directions of scaffold-based bone engineering from a biomaterials perspective. J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med. 1(4):245–260, 2007.Izal, I., P. Aranda, P. Sanz-Ramos, P. Ripalda, G. Mora, F. Granero-MoltĂł, H. Deplaine, J. L. GĂłmez-Ribelles, G. G. Ferrer, V. Acosta, I. Ochoa, J. M. GarcĂa-Aznar, E. J. Andreu, M. MonleĂłn-Pradas, M. DoblarĂ©, and F. PrĂłsper. Culture of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells on of poly(l-lactic acid) scaffolds: potential application for the tissue engineering of cartilage. Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc., 2012.Kapur, S., D. J. Baylink, and K. H. Lau. Fluid flow shear stress stimulates human osteoblast proliferation and differentiation through multiple interacting and competing signal transduction pathways. Bone 32(3):241–251, 2003.Karande, T. S., J. L. Ong, and C. M. Agrawal. Diffusion in musculoskeletal tissue engineering scaffolds: design issues related to porosity, permeability, architecture, and nutrient mixing. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 32(12):1728–1743, 2004.Kelly, D. J., and P. J. Prendergast. Mechano-regulation of stem cell differentiation and tissue regeneration in osteochondral defects. J. Biomech. 38(7):1413–1422, 2005.Kreke, M. R., L. A. Sharp, Y. W. Lee, and A. S. Goldstein. Effect of intermittent shear stress on mechanotransductive signaling and osteoblastic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells. Tissue Eng. Part A 14(4):529–537, 2008.Lacroix, D., A. Chateau, M. P. Ginebra, and J. A. Planell. Micro-finite element models of bone tissue-engineering scaffolds. Biomaterials 27(30):5326–5334, 2006.Lacroix, D., and P. J. Prendergast. A mechano-regulation model for tissue differentiation during fracture healing: analysis of gap size and loading. J. Biomech. 35(9):1163–1171, 2002.Li, S., J. R. De Wijn, J. Li, P. Layrolle, and K. De Groot. Macroporous biphasic calcium phosphate scaffold with high permeability/porosity ratio. Tissue Eng. 9:535–548, 2003.Melchels, F. P. W., B. Tonnarelli, A. L. Olivares, I. Martin, D. Lacroix, J. Feijen, et al. The influence of the scaffold design on the distribution of adhering cells after perfusion cell seeding. Biomaterials 32(11):2878–2884, 2011.O’Brien, F. J., B. A. Harley, M. A. Waller, I. Yannas, L. J. Gibson, and P. Prendergast. The effect of pore size on permeability and cell attachment in collagen scaffolds for tissue engineering. Technol. Health Care 15(1):3–17, 2007.Ochoa, I., J. A. Sanz, J. M. Garcia-Aznar, M. Doblare, D. M. Yunos, and A. R. Boccaccini. Permeability evaluation of 45S5 bioglass-based scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. J. 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Flow modelling within a scaffold under the influence of uni-axial and bi-axial bioreactor rotation. J. Biotechnol. 119:181–196, 2005.Sjollema, J., and H. J. Busscher. Deposition of polystyrene latex-particles toward polymethylmethacrylate in a parallel plate flow cell. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 132(2):382–394, 1989.Truscello, S., G. Kerckhofs, S. Van Bael, G. Pyka, J. Schrooten, and H. Van Oosterwyck. Prediction of permeability of regular scaffolds for skeletal tissue engineering: a combined computational and experimental study. Acta Biomater. 8(4):1648–1658, 2012.Woodfield, T. B., J. Malda, J. Wijn, F. PĂ©ters, J. Riesle, and C. A. van Blitterswijk. Design of porous scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering using a three-dimensional fiber-deposition technique. Biomaterials 25(18):4149–4161, 2004
Consequences of Cold-Ischemia Time on Primary Nonfunction and Patient and Graft Survival in Liver Transplantation: A Meta-Analysis
Introduction: The ability to preserve organs prior to transplant is essential to the organ allocation process. Objective: The purpose of this study is to describe the functional relationship between cold-ischemia time (CIT) and primary nonfunction (PNF), patient and graft survival in liver transplant. Methods: To identify relevant articles Medline, EMBASE and the Cochrane database, including the non-English literature identified in these databases, was searched from 1966 to April 2008. Two independent reviewers screened and extracted the data. CIT was analyzed both as a continuous variable and stratified by clinically relevant intervals. Nondichotomous variables were weighted by sample size. Percent variables were weighted by the inverse of the binomial variance. Results: Twenty-six studies met criteria. Functionally, PNF%=-6.678281+0.9134701*CIT Mean+0.1250879*(CIT Mean-9.89535) 2 - 0.0067663*(CIT Mean-9.89535) 3, r2=.625, p<.0001. Mean patient survival: 93 % (1 month), 88 % (3 months), 83 % (6 months) and 83 % (12 months). Mean graft survival: 85.9 % (1 month), 80.5 % (3 months), 78.1 % (6 months) and 76.8 % (12 months). Maximum patient and graft survival occurred with CITs between 7.5-12.5 hrs at each survival interval. PNF was also significantly correlated with ICU time, % first time grafts and % immunologic mismatches. Conclusion: The results of this work imply that CIT may be the most important pre-transplant information needed in the decision to accept an organ. © 2008 Stahl et al
Hydrodynamic loading in concomitance with exogenous cytokine stimulation modulates differentiation of bovine mesenchymal stem cells towards osteochondral lineages
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Novel kinetic effects in viscoelastic surfactant solutions under shear
Using small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), we have investigated the transient alignment and relaxation under Couette shear of viscoelastic aqueous micellar solutions of cetyltrimethylammonium 3,5- dichlorobenzoate (CTA3,5CL) mixtures at concentrations well above {phi}{sup *} (but below 1.0 wt.%). Time constants of the order of tens of minutes are reported for alignment and relaxation, orders of magnitude slower than any previously observed in similar micellar systems. The collective properties of the network of entangled, threadlike micelles, rather than the individual micellar segments, dominate alignment and relaxation behavior. At low micellar surface charge density ({sigma})(e.g., in pure CTA3,DCl), the first observation of alignment proceeding in two stages has been made. Increasing {sigma} decreases by an order of magnitude the shear rate required to reach full alignment and provides a comparable decrease in the rate constant for relaxation after cessation of shear
Kinetics of Alignment and Decay in a Highly Entangled Transient Threadlike Micellar Network Studied by Small-Angle Neutron Scattering
Role of sodium ions for sulfate transport and energy metabolism in Desulfovibrio salexigens
A discrete-event simulation model of the kidney transplantation system in Rajasthan, India
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