The three-dimensional reconstruction of the dilated renal pelvicalyceal system by non-enhanced computed tomography

Introduction. The three-dimensional reconstruction of the renal pelvicalyceal system (PCS) is possible when performing enhanced computed tomography (CT). However, the use of a contrast agent has its limitations associated with the presence of allergy and chronic kidney disease.Purpose of the study. To describe the method of semi-autonomous three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of the PCS based on non-enhanced CT images of patients with upper urinary tract obstruction.Materials and methods. Five patients diagnosed with renal colic were recruited from April-May 2021. All patients underwent CT-urography after informed consent. Medical Imaging Interaction Toolkit program (MITK) expanded with explainable update were used for 3D-reconstruction of PCS via excretory and native phases. To assess the accuracy of the latter, both contrast and non-contrast models were compared regarding their surface area. Also, the PCS of one patient was used to reconstruct virtual endoscopic views based on enhanced and non-enhanced models. Five urologists estimated their similarity and potential use of non-enhanced models for the interventional planning via a Likert scale questionnaire. The resulting models were also analyzed by programmer-engineers to test their suitability for 3D-printing.Results. The average surface area of enhanced and non-enhanced models was 3291 mm2 and 2879 mm2, respectively. Obtained models were suitable for their intraluminal reconstruction and potential 3D-printing. Analyzed properties of non-enhanced models were estimated at 4.5 out of 5.0.Conclusion. The described semi-autonomous reconstruction of the renal PCS based on non-enhanced CT images allows for a short time to reconstruct its 3D-view in patients with the upper urinary tract obstruction

ВНУТРЕННЕЕ ДРЕНИРОВАНИЕ ВЕРХНИХ МОЧЕВЫВОДЯЩИХ ПУТЕЙ ПРИ ОПУХОЛЕВЫХ ОБСТРУКЦИЯХ МОЧЕТОЧНИКОВ

The paper analyzes procedures for internal drainage of the upper urinary tract in ureteral tumor obstructions. It details indications for and contraindications to ureteral stenting or endoprostethic replacement, subcutaneous nephrovesical bypass. Postoperative complications and procedures for their prevention and treatment are considered. The data available in the literature on rare drainage procedures for the upper urinary tract, such as ureteral endoprosthetic replacement and nephrovesical bypass, are summarized.Проведен анализ внутренних методов дренирования верхних мочевых путей при опухолевых обструкциях мочеточников. Подробно освещены показания и противопоказания к стентированию или эндопротезированию мочеточника, нефровезикальному подкожному шунтированию. Рассмотрены послеоперационные осложнения, способы их профилактики и лечения. Обобщены данные литературы по таким редким способам дренирования верхних мочевых путей, как эндопротезирование мочеточника и нефровезикальное шунтирование

Comparative analysis of the results of standard and minipercutaneous nephrolithotripsy for staghorn stones

Introduction. There are conflicting data in the literature on the results of mini-percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (PCNL) in staghorn stones.Objective. To compare the results of standard and mini-PCNL.Materials and methods. The results of PCNL in 90 patients with staghorn stones were analyzed, which were divided into two groups. In the I group, 58 (64.4%) patients underwent standard PNL with a nephroscope 24 Fr, in the II group, 32 (35.6%) patients underwent mini-PCNL with an endoscope 15 Fr. The operative time and the number of postoperative complications were compared. To assess the effectiveness of PCNL, an overview radiography or native computed tomography was performed. The operation was considered successful with residual fragments less than 3 mm.Results. Operative time, number of complications and blood transfusions, the effectiveness of PCNL in groups I and II were 80.0 ± 20.6 and 96.5 ± 25.0 min, 24.1% and 15.6%, 10.3% and 3.1%, 86.2% and 84.4%. Additional interventions were resorted to in 7 (12.1%) patients in I group, and in 4 (12.5%) patients in II group. Complications in I and II groups were observed in 14 (24.1%) and 5 (15.6%) cases. The frequency of blood transfusions was significantly higher after standard PCNL (10.3% / 3.1%, p < 0.05). Complications of grade III with mini-PCNL, replacement of an incorrectly installed stent was included in 2 patients, and with standard PCNL, ureteral stenting with urine leakage through the nephrostomic tract in 2 patients, drainage of the pleural cavity in one case.Conclusion. Standard PCNL is an effective method in staghorn stones, but the number of complications after it remains higher. In selected patients with staghorn stones, the results of mini-PCNL are comparable to those of standard PCNL

Робот-ассистированная радикальная цистэктомия с интракорпоральной ортотопический цистопластикой

Background. Radical cystectomy uses laparoscopic and robotic approaches along with the open ones.Objective: to study immediate results of robot-assisted radical cystectomy with intracorporeal orthotopic cystoplasty.Materials and methods. Robot-assisted radical cystectomy with intracorporeal orthotopic cystoplasty was performed in 15 patients (13 male, 2 female), aged 64–76 years. Fourteen patients had bladder cancer, 1 female – a postradiation bladder fistula and microcystis. T2 stage was detected in 8 (57.1 %) patients, T3 – in 6 (42.9 %). After the operation we evaluated operation time, blood loss volume, hospital stay, functional and oncological results.Results. Average operation time was 380 (320–560) minutes, blood loss volume – 80–200 ml, blood transfusion was not performed. Early complications (up to 30 days) were observed in 7 patients (46.7 %), late ones (90‑days) – in 6 (40.0 %). There were no cases of intestinal obstruction. Patients with ureteral-intestinal (n = 2) and reservoir-urethral (n = 1) anastomosis failure underwent percutaneous renal drainage. One patient died of acute myocardial infarction. Daytime continence was 80.0 %, nocturnal – 53.3 %. One patient died of disease progression within 7.6 observation months.Conclusion. Robot-assisted radical cystectomy with intracorporeal urine diversion is a modern and minimally invasive method for patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer. More experience in this field will allow to reduce surgery time and number of complications.Введение. При радикальной цистэктомии наряду с открытым используются лапароскопический и роботический доступы.Цель исследования – изучение ближайших результатов робот-ассистированной радикальной цистэктомии с интракорпоральной ортотопической цистопластикой.Материалы и методы. Робот-ассистированная радикальная цистэктомия с интракорпоральной ортотопической цистопластикой выполнена 15 больным (13 мужчинам, 2 женщинам). Возраст пациентов составил 64–76 лет. У 14 больных показанием к операции был рак мочевого пузыря, у 1 женщины – постлучевой пузырно-сигмовидный свищ, микроцистис. Стадия T2 выявлена у 8 (57,1 %), Т3 – у 6 (42,9 %) пациентов. После операции оценивали время операции, объем кровопотери, сроки госпитализации, функциональные и онкологические результаты.Результаты. Среднее время операции составило 380 (320–560) мин. Объем кровопотери – 80–200 мл, гемотрансфузия не проводилась. Ранние (до 30 дней) осложнения наблюдались у 7 (46,7 %), поздние (90‑дневные) – у 6 (40,0 %) больных. Случаев кишечной непроходимости не отмечено. Больным с несостоятельностью мочеточниково-кишечного (n = 2) и резервуарно-уретрального анастомоза (n = 1) проводилось перкутанное дренирование почек. Один пациент умер от острого инфаркта миокарда. Дневная континенция составила 80,0 %, ночная – 53,3 %. За 7,6 мес наблюдения 1 больной умер от прогрессирования заболевания.Заключение. Робот-ассистированная радикальная цистэктомия с интракорпоральной деривацией мочи является современным малоинвазивным методом лечения больных мышечно-инвазивным раком мочевого пузыря. Дальнейшее накопление опыта позволит сократить время операции и минимизировать число осложнений

Органосохраняющие операции при опухолях верхних мочевыводящих путей

The results of organ-preserving interventions are analyzed in 12 patients (7 males and 5 females) with neoplasms of the renal pelvis and ureter. Endoscopic operations were performed in 4 patients with the normally functioning contralateral kidney and in one patient with the single kidney. Early complications developed in 2 of the 12 patients and were infectious and inflammatory. The mean duration of endoscopic surgery was 32.8±4.9 min; intraoperative blood loss is 83.0±15.3 ml; the duration of open surgery averaged 157.2±29.7 min and intraoperative blood loss was 1930±69.3 ml. After 4 years of a follow-up, the frequency of tumor relapse was 40%; 5-year survival was 80%. Thus, in patients with upper urinary tract neoplasms, organ-preserving operations are a justifiable alternative to nephroureterectomy with urinary bladder resection and most reasonable in uni- and bilateral renal tumor. Urinary tract endoscopic examination assessing the possibilities of freely manipulating an endoscope in the ureteral lumen and renal cavitary system for biopsy of a tumor and its further removal is a major and determining factor in defining indications for this type of intervention.The results of organ-preserving interventions are analyzed in 12 patients (7 males and 5 females) with neoplasms of the renal pelvis and ureter. Endoscopic operations were performed in 4 patients with the normally functioning contralateral kidney and in one patient with the single kidney. Early complications developed in 2 of the 12 patients and were infectious and inflammatory. The mean duration of endoscopic surgery was 32.8±4.9 min; intraoperative blood loss is 83.0±15.3 ml; the duration of open surgery averaged 157.2±29.7 min and intraoperative blood loss was 1930±69.3 ml. After 4 years of a follow-up, the frequency of tumor relapse was 40%; 5-year survival was 80%. Thus, in patients with upper urinary tract neoplasms, organ-preserving operations are a justifiable alternative to nephroureterectomy with urinary bladder resection and most reasonable in uni- and bilateral renal tumor. Urinary tract endoscopic examination assessing the possibilities of freely manipulating an endoscope in the ureteral lumen and renal cavitary system for biopsy of a tumor and its further removal is a major and determining factor in defining indications for this type of intervention

Одновременная кишечная пл астика мочеточников и мочевого пузыря

The purpose of the investigation was to study the long-term results of reconstructive surgery in patients who had undergone simultaneous ureteral and bladder intestinoplasty. The investigation enrolled 33 patients with different bladder diseases complicated by secondary hydroureteronephrosis. After radical cystectomy, the U. E. Studer method was used to form a low-pressure orthotopic reservoir from the ileum with an afferent tubular segment in 23 (69.7 %) patients. Y-shaped ileoureterocystoplasty was carried out to recover extensive ureteral and bladder defects in 10 (30.3 %) cases. Long-term surgical results were assessed on the basis of a comprehensive examination involving laboratory, X-ray, radionuclide, and endourological studies. An isolated loop of the small bowel is a universal plastic material that may be used not only to bilaterally replace any ureteral defect, but also to simultaneously repair the bladder, by preserving independent urination.Цель исследования – изучение отдаленных результатов реконструктивных операций у больных, перенесших одновременную пластику мочеточников и мочевого пузыря. В работу включены 33 пациента, которые страдали различными заболеваниями мочевого пузыря, осложненными вторичным гидроуретеронефрозом. У 23 (69,7 %) больных после радикальной цистэктомии был сформирован ортотопический резервуар низкого давления из подвздошной кишки с афферентным тубулярным сегментом по методу U. E. Studer. В 10 (30,3 %) случаях для восстановления протяженных дефектов мочеточников и мочевого пузыря использовали Y-образную илеоуретероцистопластику. Оценку отдаленных результатов операции проводили на основании комплексного обследования, включающего лабораторные, рентгенологические, радиоизотопные и эндоурологические методы обследования. Изолированная петля тонкой кишки является универсальным пластическим материалом, при помощи которого можно заместить не только любой дефект мочеточников с обеих сторон, но и осуществить одновременно реконструкцию мочевого пузыря с сохранением самостоятельного мочеиспускания

ЧРЕСКОЖНАЯ ЭНДОСКОПИЧЕСКАЯ ЭЛЕКТРОРЕЗЕКЦИЯ ОПУХОЛЕЙ ЛОХАНКИ

The paper gives the results of percutaneous electroresection of the renal pelvic wall with a tumor in 4 patients. The operation has been made for absolute indications: 3 patients had a single kidney and the fourth patient had a single functioning left kidney (the right pelvic dystopic kidney failed to function). In all the patients, the primary symptom of the disease was macrohematuria, the examination for which revealed a renal pelvic tumor measuring 1.2 to 2.5 cm in size. There were no complications after percutaneous electroresection of the renal pelvic wall with a tumor. Intrarenal BCG therapy was performed in the postoperative period. Percutaneous electroresection is indicated for tumors of the renal pelvis and the upper third of the ureter of the single kidney.В статье приведены результаты чрескожной электрорезекции стенки лоханки с опухолью, выполненной у 4 пациентов. Операция была проведена по абсолютным показаниям: трое больных имели единственную почку, а четвертый – единственно функционирующую левую почку (правая тазоводистопированная почка не функционировала). Первичным симптомом заболевания у всех пациентов являлось наличие макрогематурии, при обследовании по поводу которой была выявлена опухоль лоханки размерами от 1,2 до 2,5 см. Осложнений после осуществления перкутанной электрорезекции стенки лоханки с опухолью не наблюдали. В послеоперационном периоде проведена интраренальная БЦЖ-терапия. При опухолях лоханки и верхней трети мочеточника единственной почки показана их перкутанная электрорезекция