Comparative measurements of the energy consumption of 51 electric, hybrid and internal combustion engine vehicles

Accepted versio

Comparative measurements of the energy consumption of 51 electric, hybrid and internal combustion engine vehicles

This paper presents the measured energy consumption results of a range of efficient vehicles over a 57 miles urban/extra-urban route. The results show that on average the electric vehicles used the least amount of energy (average 0.62 MJ/km), followed by the hybrid vehicles (average 1.14 MJ/km), and the internal combustion engine vehicles (average 1.68 MJ/km). The hydrogen fuel cell vehicle used 1.2 MJ/km. An estimate of CO₂ emissions was also made and it was found that hybrids gave the lowest CO₂ emissions, with around half of the vehicles emitting less than 70 gCO₂/km. The most efficient diesel combustion engine vehicles emitted about 80 gCO₂/km but the majority exceeded 110 gCO₂/km. The majority of electic vehicles emitted 70-110 gCO₂/km assuming a United Kingdom grid average emissions factor of 542 gCO₂/kWh

Comparative analysis of the energy consumption and CO2 emissions of 40 electric, plug-in hybrid electric, hybrid electric and internal combustion engine vehicles

This paper analyses the results of the Royal Automobile Clubhallo's 2011 RAC Future Car Challenge, an annual motoring challenge in which participants seek to consume the least energy possible while driving a 92. km route from Brighton to London in the UK. The results reveal that the vehicle's power train type has the largest impact on energy consumption and emissions. The traction ratio, defined as the fraction of time spent on the accelerator in relation to the driving time, and the amount of regenerative braking have a significant effect on the individual energy consumption of vehicles. In contrast, the average speed does not have a great effect on a vehicles' energy consumption in the range 25-70. km/h. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd

Das steuerpolitische Dezemberfieber: Steuergesetzgebung in Deutschland von 1951 bis 2004

Public complaints about the growth, complexity and volatility of tax legislation abound. Against this background, the present article gives an account of the quantitative development of tax legislation in post-war Germany. We find that the legislative output did not increase over the decades. In general, the output is higher during the 12 months before a federal election than during the first 12 months after. Furthermore, the legislative output is not affected by a split majority in the upper and lower houses. Finally, we find that an increasing fraction of this legislation is passed in December. This growing "December fever" reduces the available time to adapt for taxpayers, tax-lawyers, and tax authorities and is a plausible explanation of the growing discontent with tax policy. Copyright 2007 die Autoren Journal compilation 2007, Verein für Socialpolitik und Blackwell Publishing Ltd.