German Pacifism in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries

The article discusses recent work on German pacifist movements in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. While many books and articles offer a biographical perspective on key pacifists, other studies are interested in the contributions of functionally differentiated fields of society such as education or the legal system to the advancement of non-violent policies and practices. A focus of much recent work are the West German protest movements against the Dual Track Solution in the early 1980s. These protests sought to reconceptualise the space of the political and to promote a ‘politics of scales’ that translated the potentially global scope of nuclear destruction into the immediate context of a town, village or neighbourhood

Acoustic anemometry and thermometry

Acoustic travel-time measurement is a method for remote sensing of the atmosphere. The temperature-dependent sound speed as well as the flow field can be detected by measuring the travel time of a defined acoustic signal between a sound source and a receiver when the distance between them is known. In this study the properties of the flow field are reconstructed using reciprocal sound rays to separate the directionindependent sound speed from the effective sound velocity including the flow velocity component in direction of the sound path. The measurements are taken on a horizontal scale of about 2 m x 2 m. By measurements in interiors, where no flow of air exists, the temperature can be determined with an accuracy of 0.6°C and the flow component in direction of the sound path with an accuracy of 0.3 m/s. If flow of air exists the measurements gets complicated because the phase shifts, which have been detected by the receivers, cannot be corrected like it was possible without the influence of flow

Martin Niemöller als völkisch-nationaler Studentenpolitiker in Münster 1919 bis 1923

Martin Niemöller (1892-1984), one of the central protagonists of the Confessing Church during the Nazi Regime, studied Protestant theology at Münster University between 1919 and 1923. During this time, he was active in eight extreme right-wing and racially antisemitic political parties and organisations, most importantly the student group of the Deutschnationale Volkspartei (German National People’s Party) - acting as chairman from spring 1920 until the end of the winter semester of 1920/21 - and of the Deutsch-Völkische Schutz- und Trutzbund (German Völkisch Protection and Defiance Federation). The article traces Niemöller’s restless activities in these groups, which included paramilitary activities in Organisation Escherich, and analyses militant anti-Bolshevism and völkisch-nationalist antisemitism as the common bond for Niemöller’s engagement in the extreme right-wing student milieu