Characterization of landfill leachates in Turkey

Landfilling and leachate treatment is one of the most serious issues in solid waste management. Treatment of landfill leachate is very difficult due to its high pollutant loads. In order to understand the landfill stabilization phases and determine the convenient treatment techniques, detailed and long term physical and chemical characterization of leachate is required. In the scope of this study, leachate samples taken from selected municipal solid waste landfill sites which have different ages and exhibit different climatic conditions. Leachate samples collected from different cities in Turkey namely Istanbul, Ankara, Antalya, Bursa, Gaziantep, Samsun and Trabzon landfills were characterized in order to investigate the effects of stabilization periods, climate and landfill exploitation on leachate quality. As a consequence, leachate pollutant concentrations were found to be extremely different in landfills despite their similar climatic conditions. Moreover, organic concentrations fluctuated during one year period. There was a correlation between the organic pollutant concentration, BOD(5)/ COD ratio and landfill age. Although high BOD(5)/ COD ratios and COD concentrations up to 71000 mg/L were observed in young landfills, lower COD concentrations about 5000 mg/L were obtained in the landfills which were being operated more than two years. Different climatic conditions in landfill sites provided to understand the effects of climate and seasonal changes on leachate properties. In dry seasons, pollutant concentrations were found to be higher than rainy seasons due to a lack of dilution as a result of precipitation. BUD/COD ratio which is the most distinctive parameter for the stabilization of leachate was observed to be higher than 0.5 for most leachate samples except Ankara

Evaluation of hydrogen production via electrolysis with ion exchange membranes

In this study, the ion exchange membranes are proposed and tested in an electrolysis process for hydrogen production from acidic and alkaline solutions. The results of the experiments are then compared to evaluate the effect of ion exchange membranes on the performance of the electrolysis process. This study shows that the ion exchange membranes can improve the performance of the electrolysis reactor and supply high pH differences between compartments due to the membrane's feature of low electrical resistance and high resistance to pH changes. All anion exchange membrane, cation exchange membrane, and bipolar membrane are used individually as a separator between anode and cathode chamber of electrolysis reactor to evaluate the effect of these ion exchange membranes on system efficiency. Also, the comparison of using ion-exchange membranes to generate hydrogen in the acidic-alkaline electrolysis reactor is studied for the first time in this study. The electrolysis reactor is tested using various electrochemical techniques and analyzed thermodynamically. The maximum hydrogen production rate is determined with the bipolar membrane as 11.4 mmol/h, while the highest energy and exergy efficiencies are found for the reactor configuration with anion exchange membrane as 82% and 68%, respectively. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved