47 research outputs found
Updated radio relation for Galactic supernova remnants
We present updated empirical radio surface-brightness-to-diameter
() relation for supernova remnants (SNRs) in our Galaxy. Our original
calibration sample of Galactic SNRs with independently determined distances
(Pavlovic et al. 2013, hereafter Paper I) is reconsidered and updated with data
which became available in the past two years. The orthogonal fitting procedure
and probability-density-function-based (PDF) method are applied to the
calibration sample in the plane. Orthogonal regression
keeps and relations invariant. Our previous Monte Carlo
simulations verified that the slopes of the empirical relation
should be determined by using orthogonal regression. Updated calibration sample
contains 65 shell SNRs. 6 new Galactic SNRs are added to the sample from Paper
I, one is omitted and distances are changed for 10 SNRs. The slope derived here
is slightly steeper () than slope in Paper I
(). The PDF method relies on data points density maps which
can provide more reliable calibrations that preserve more information contained
in the calibration sample. We estimate distances to five new faint Galactic
SNRs discovered for the first time by Canadian Galactic Plane Survey and
obtained distances of 2.3, 4.0, 1.3, 2.9 and 4.7 kiloparsecs for G108.5+11.0,
G128.5+2.6, G149.5+3.2, G150.8+3.8 and G160.11.1, respectively. The updated
empirical relation is used to estimate distances of 160 shell Galactic SNRs and
new results change their distance scales up to 15 per cent, compared to results
from Paper I. The PDF calculation can provide even few times higher or lower
values in comparison with orthogonal fit, as it uses totally different
approach. However, in average, this difference is 32, 24 and 18 per cent for
mode, median and mean distances.Comment: 17 pages, 3 figures, Accepted for publication in Serbian Astronomical
Journa
A search for candidate radio supernova remnants in the nearby irregular starburst galaxies NGC 4214 and NGC 4395
We present the results of a search for new candidate radio supernova remnants (SNRs) in the nearby starburst irregular galaxies NGC 4214 and NGC 4395 using archived radio observations made with the Very Large Array (VLA) at the wavelengths of 3.5 cm, 6 cm and 20 cm for NGC 4214 and 6 cm and 20 cm for NGC 4395. These observations were analyzed as part of our ongoing search for candidate radio SNRs in nearby galaxies: the goal of this search is to prepare a large sample of candidate radio SNRs for the purpose of a robust statistical study of the properties of these sources. Based on our analysis, we have confirmed the nonthermal nature of the discrete radio sources α and β in NGC 4214 and classify these sources as candidate radio SNRs based on their positional coincidences with HII regions in that galaxy. We have measured the flux densities of the two candidate radio SNRs at each wavelength and calculated corresponding spectral indices: we have also measured flux densities of two other discrete radio sources in these galaxies - ρ in NGC 4214 and #3 in NGC 4395 which we suspect to be additional candidate radio SNRs based on their positional coincidences with other HII regions in these galaxies. However, the radio data presently available for these sources cannot confirm such a classification and additional observations are needed. We have also calculated the radio luminosities Lradio at the wavelength of 20 cm for these two candidate radio SNRs as well as the corresponding values for the minimum total energy Emin required to power these radio sources via synchrotron emission and the corresponding magnetic field strength Bmin. We have compared our mean calculated values for these properties with the mean values for populations of candidate radio SNRs in other starburst galaxies: while the values for Lradio and Bmin are roughly comparable to the values seen in other starburst galaxies, the mean value for Emin is higher than the mean value of any other starburst galaxy. Finally, we include these two candidate radio SNRs in a discussion of the Σ − D relation for extragalactic candidate radio SNRs and find that these sources are located on the shallower end of the master Σ − D relation for all extragalactic SNRs as derived by Urošević et al.(2005).published_or_final_versio
Dynamical aspects of Galactic habitability in N-body simulations
Recent studies of Galactic evolution revealed that the dynamics of the
stellar component might be one of the key factors when considering galactic
habitability. We run an N-body simulation model of the Milky Way, which we
evolve for 10 Gyr, to study the secular evolution of stellar orbits and the
resulting galactic habitability-related properties, i.e., the density of the
stellar component and close stellar encounters. The results indicate that
radial migrations are not negligible, even in a simple axisymmetric model with
mild levels of dynamical heating, and that the net outward diffusion of the
stellar component can populate galactic outskirts with habitable systems.
Habitable environment is also likely even at sub-Solar galactocentric radii,
because the rate of close encounters should not significantly degrade
habitability. Stars that evolve from non-circular to stable nearly-circular
orbits typically migrate outwards, settling down in a broad Solar neighborhood.
The region between kpc and kpc represents the zone
of radial mixing, which can blur the boundaries of the Galactic Habitable Zone,
as it has been conventionally understood. The present-day stable population of
the stars in the Solar neighborhood originates from this radial mixing zone,
with most of the stars coming from the inner regions. The Solar system can be
considered as a typical Milky Way habitable system because it migrated outwards
from the metal-rich inner regions of the Disk and has a circular orbit in the
present epoch. We conclude that the boundaries of the Galactic Habitable Zone
cannot be sharply confined for a given epoch because of the mixing caused by
the stellar migrations and secular evolution of stellar orbits.Comment: Accepted for publication in PAS
Examination of Prooxidative Activity of Red Wine in Melanoma Cells
Melanoma is responsible for 75% of all deaths from skin cancer. Its lethality arises from its rapid progression, easy metastasis and drug-resistance as well. Red wine is a natural product rich in polyphenolic compounds with potent anticancer activities. It seems that in cancer cells these compounds behave as prooxidants initiating reactive oxygen species mediated cellular DNA breakage and consequent cell death. The aim of this study was to investigate prooxidative activity of red wine samples (Merlot variety, commercial as well as VCR1 and VCR101 clonal wines) in melanoma A375 cells, through measuring the relationship of reduced and oxidized form of glutathione (GSH/GSSG) and comparison with the GSH/GSSG ratio in control (untreated melanoma cells). The data obtained showed that tested red wine samples decrease GSH/GSSG ratio in A375 cells compared to control (4.6 ± 0), with the largest decrease noticed in treatment with VCR101 wine (0.66 ± 0.05)
Is There a Possibility to Involve the Hormesis Effect on the Soybean with Glyphosate Sub-Lethal Amounts Used to Control Weed Species Amaranthus retroflexus L.?
Sub-lethal doses of herbicides can promote plant growth and have a positive effect on an organism this is called hormesis. The purpose of this study was to test the effects of sub-lethal doses of glyphosate on soybean (Glycine max(L.) Merr.) (1.8, 3.6, 7.2, 36, 180, and 720 g ha(-1)) and Amaranthus retroflexus L. (7.2, 36, 180, 720, 1440, and 2880 g ha(-1)). Different biological parameters, such as phytotoxicity, fresh weight, root length, content of photosynthetic pigments, and shikimate concentration, were measured. Glyphosate in doses of 1440 and 2880 g ha(-1) destroyed A. retroflexus plants. A fresh weight of A. retroflexus at a dose of 36 g ha(-1) was reduced by 76.31%, while for the soybean it was reduced by 19.26%. At the highest dose, the shikimate concentration was 145% in the soybean, while in A. retroflexus, the concentration increased by 58.80% compared to the control plants. All doses of glyphosate were statistically significantly different in terms of chlorophyll a content, while higher doses in A. retroflexus caused chlorophyll b to decrease. The change in the production of carotenoids was not statistically significant. The results showed that sub-lethal amounts of glyphosate did not lead to stimulation of measured parameters of soybean
Astrobiological Complexity with Probabilistic Cellular Automata
Search for extraterrestrial life and intelligence constitutes one of the
major endeavors in science, but has yet been quantitatively modeled only rarely
and in a cursory and superficial fashion. We argue that probabilistic cellular
automata (PCA) represent the best quantitative framework for modeling
astrobiological history of the Milky Way and its Galactic Habitable Zone. The
relevant astrobiological parameters are to be modeled as the elements of the
input probability matrix for the PCA kernel. With the underlying simplicity of
the cellular automata constructs, this approach enables a quick analysis of
large and ambiguous input parameters' space. We perform a simple clustering
analysis of typical astrobiological histories and discuss the relevant boundary
conditions of practical importance for planning and guiding actual empirical
astrobiological and SETI projects. In addition to showing how the present
framework is adaptable to more complex situations and updated observational
databases from current and near-future space missions, we demonstrate how
numerical results could offer a cautious rationale for continuation of
practical SETI searches.Comment: 37 pages, 11 figures, 2 tables; added journal reference belo
Lactococcus lactis LMG2081 Produces Two Bacteriocins, a Nonlantibiotic and a Novel Lantibiotic
Bacteriocin producers normally possess dedicated immunity systems to protect themselves from their own bacteriocins. Lactococcus lactis strains LMG2081 and BGBM50 are known as lactococcin G producers. However, BGBM50 was sensitive to LMG2081, which indicated that LMG2081 might produce additional bacteriocins that are not present in BGBM50. Therefore, whole-genome sequencing of the two strains was performed, and a lantibiotic operon (called lctLMG) was identified in LMG2081 but not in BGBM50. The lctLMG operon contains six open reading frames; the first three genes, lmgA, lmgM, and lmgT, are involved in the biosynthesis and export of bacteriocin, while the other three genes, lmgF, lmgE, and lmgG, are involved in lantibiotic immunity. Mutational analysis confirmed that the lctLMG operon is responsible for the additional antimicrobial activity. Specifically, site-directed mutation within this operon rendered LMG2081 inactive toward BGBM50. Subsequent purification and electrospray ionization-time of flight mass spectrometric analysis confirmed that the lantibiotic bacteriocin called lacticin LMG is exported as a 25-amino-acid peptide. Lacticin LMG is highly similar to the lacticin 481 group. It is interesting that a bacteriocin producer produces two different classes of bacteriocins, whose operons are located in the chromosome and a plasmid