Social pedagogy versus social work in a Swedish context

In Sweden there are several different professions that work within the welfare sector. Two of these are social pedagogues and socionoms. This article examines the similarities and differences between these professional fields by exploring four areas in more detail: education, the history of ideas and theory, research and practice. The results show that there are not only many differences but also some similarities. In practical work, social pedagogues and socionoms often work side by side and perform similar tasks. They are located in the same areas and often use the same methods. When it comes to the differences in educational history and current educations, they are large although they can also be found in, for example, the history of ideas. Furthermore, research in the various areas differs. In social pedagogy the interest has to a greater extent been focused on an understanding of the discipline through studies of the history of ideas, while in social work today one often focuses on studies of professional methods. Today’s challenges in the welfare sector require new knowledge, ways of thinking and understanding. Here, social pedagogy with its philosophical roots and humanistic values can play an important role

NMR investigations of interactions between anesthetics and lipid bilayers

Interactions between anesthetics (lidocaine and short chain alcohols) and lipid membranes formed by dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) were studied using NMR spectroscopy. The orientational order of lidocaine was investigated using deuterium NMR on a selectively labelled compound whereas segmental ordering in the lipids was probed by two-dimensional 1H-13C separated local field experiments under magic-angle spinning conditions. In addition, trajectories generated in molecular dynamics (MD) computer simulations were used for interpretation of the experimental results. Separate simulations were carried out with charged and uncharged lidocaine molecules. Reasonable agreement between experimental dipolar interactions and the calculated counterparts was observed. Our results clearly show that charged lidocaine affects significantly the lipid headgroup. In particular the ordering of the lipids is increased accompanied by drastic changes in the orientation of the P-N vector in the choline group

Carbon-13 NMR chemical shifts in columnar liquid crystals

In this article, we present quantum chemical density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the NMR 13C chemical shift (CS) tensors in 2,3,6,7,10,11−hexahexylthiotriphenylene (HHTT). The DFT calculations are performed on a smaller model molecule where the hexyl chains were reduced to methyl groups (HMTT). These tensors are compared with our previously reported experimental results carried out under magic−angle spinning (MAS) conditions. The phase diagram of HHTT is K T H T Dhd T I, where H is a helical phase and Dhd is a columnar liquid crystal. The motivation for the present study was to explain experimentally observed and puzzling thermal history effects, which resulted in different behavior in the helical phase upon cooling and heating. In particular, the CS tensors for the aromatic carbons measured in the helical phase upon heating from the solid phase were essentially unaffected, while the cooling from the columnar liquid crystal resulted in a significant averaging. We investigate the effect on the CS tensors of (i) conformational transitions, and (ii) relative molecular orientations within the columns for dimer and trimer configurations. Finally a motional wobbling (PIZZA) model for the dynamic averaging of the CS tensor in the helical phase is suggeste

Mesomorphism in columnar phases studied by solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance

In this paper, we present 13C and 1H NMR investigations of 2, 3, 6, 7, 10, 11-hexahexyl-thiotriphenylene (HHTT). The measurements were carried out under both static and magic-angle spinning conditions. The phase diagram of HHTT is KHD(hd)I , where H is a helical phase and D(hd) is a columnar liquid crystal. The motivation was to characterize the molecular order and dynamics and to investigate differences at the molecular level between the two mesophases: H and D(hd). It is shown that D(hd) is a conventional columnar liquid crystal, where the molecular core undergoes fast rotation about the symmetry axis. The orientational order in this mesophase is lower and the temperature dependence of the order parameter is steeper than in other triphenylene-based compounds. On the other hand, in the helical phase the core, similarly to the solid phase, is essentially rigid. The difference between the solid and helical phases is mainly manifested in an increased mobility of the aliphatic chains observed in the latter phase. In addition, the sample exhibits thermal history effects, which are observed in the different behavior upon cooling and heating