Leader Perspectives on Managing Suicide-related Events in Garrison

Leaders who have personally experienced the aftermath of a suicide-related event can provide important lessons and recommendations for military leadership and policymakers. This paper executes a thematic analysis of interviews with leaders, chaplains, and behavioral health providers who responded to garrison suicide-related events and explores leader decision making related to memorials, investigations, and readiness

National records of 3000 European bee and hoverfly species: A contribution to pollinator conservation

Pollinators play a crucial role in ecosystems globally, ensuring the seed production of most flowering plants. They are threatened by global changes and knowledge of their distribution at the national and continental levels is needed to implement efficient conservation actions, but this knowledge is still fragmented and/or difficult to access. As a step forward, we provide an updated list of around 3000 European bee and hoverfly species, reflecting their current distributional status at the national level (in the form of present, absent, regionally extinct, possibly extinct or non-native). This work was attainable by incorporating both published and unpublished data, as well as knowledge from a large set of taxonomists and ecologists in both groups. After providing the first National species lists for bees and hoverflies for many countries, we examine the current distributional patterns of these species and designate the countries with highest levels of species richness. We also show that many species are recorded in a single European country, highlighting the importance of articulating European and national conservation strategies. Finally, we discuss how the data provided here can be combined with future trait and Red List data to implement research that will further advance pollinator conservation

Transient ischemic attacks characterized by RNA profiles in blood

OBJECTIVE: Transient ischemic attacks (TIA) are common. Though systemic inflammation and thrombosis are associated with TIA, further study may provide insight into TIA pathophysiology and possibly lead to the development of treatments specifically targeted to TIA. We sought to determine whether gene expression profiles in blood could better characterize the proinflammatory and procoagulant states in TIA patients. METHODS: RNA expression in blood of TIA patients (n = 26) was compared to vascular risk factor control subjects without symptomatic cardiovascular disease (n = 26) using Affymetrix U133 Plus 2.0 microarrays. Differentially expressed genes in TIA were identified by analysis of covariance and evaluated with cross-validation and functional analyses. RESULTS: Patients with TIA had different patterns of gene expression compared to controls. There were 480 probe sets, corresponding to 449 genes, differentially expressed between TIA and controls (false discovery rate correction for multiple comparisons, p ≤ 0.05, absolute fold change ≥1.2). These genes were associated with systemic inflammation, platelet activation, and prothrombin activation. Hierarchical cluster analysis of the identified genes suggested the presence of 2 patterns of RNA expression in patients with TIA. Prediction analysis identified a set of 34 genes that discriminated TIA from controls with 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity. CONCLUSION: Patients with recent TIA have differences of gene expression in blood compared to controls. The 2 gene expression profiles associated with TIA suggests heterogeneous responses between subjects with TIA that may provide insight into cause, risk of stroke, and other TIA pathophysiology.X. Zhan, G.C. Jickling, Y. Tian, B. Stamova, H. Xu, B.P. Ander, R.J. Turner, M. Mesias, P. Verro, C. Bushnell, S.C. Johnston, and F.R. Shar

Maturation of cortical circuits requires Semaphorin 7A

Kemijsko recikliranje (kemoliza) omogućuje potpunu depolimerizaciju poli(etilen-tereftalata) (PET-a) do monomera ili parcijalnu depolimerizaciju do oligomera. Jedna od vrsta kemijskog recikliranja je hidroliza. Hidrolizom PET-a nastaju tereftalna kiselina i etilen-glikol. Cilj ovoga rada bio je ispitati ovisnost temperature, vremena trajanja reakcije te količine kemikalija na stupanj depolimerizacije PET-a pri baznokataliziranoj hidrolizi. Provedeno je osam reakcija pod različitim kombinacijama uvjeta. Korišten je PET od otpadnih boca plave boje, a reakcija je katalizirana natrijevim hidroksidom. Za svaki uzorak izračunat je maseni postotak oligomera, etilen-glikola i natrijevog tereftalata u odnosu na početnu masu uzorka PET-a. Svaki je uzorak, nakon hidrolize, karakteriziran FTIR spektroskopijom i termogravimetrijskom analizom. Iz rezultata je vidljivo da s povećanjem temperature, povećanjem količine katalizatora i produljenjem trajanja reakcije dolazi do depolimerizacije sve većeg udjela početnog uzorka. Za potpunu depolimerizaciju 1 grama PET-a potrebno je provoditi reakciju hidrolize u 50 ml EG-a uz 0,5 g NaOH na 190 °C te uz trajanje reakcije od 2 sata. TGA i FTIR spektroskopija dokazale su depolimerizaciju uzoraka i dobivanje očekivanih produkata.Chemical recycling (chemolysis) enables complete depolymerization of poly(ethylene-terephthalate) to monomers or partial depolymerization to oligomers. One of the methods of chemical recycling is hydrolysis. Hydrolysis of PET produces terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the effects of temperature, reaction time and quantity of used chemicals on the degree of depolymerization of PET while conducting base catalyzed hydrolysis. Eight reactions, with different combinations of laboratory conditions, were conducted. The PET sample that was used came from blue waste bottles, and the reactions were catalyzed with sodium hydroxide. A weight percentage of oligomers, ethylene glycol and disodium terephthalate, in relation to the weight of the PET sample, was calculated for every sample after a conducted reaction. Every sample was also characterized by FTIR spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The results show that with the increase of temperature, increase in quantity of the catalyst and prolongation of reaction time, the mass fraction of the depolymerized initial sample increases. It takes 2 hours of hydrolysis in 50 ml of EG and 0.5 g of NaOH at 190 °C to completely depolymerize 1 gram of PET. TGA and FTIR spectroscopy proved the depolymerization of PET and getting the products that were expected

Comprehensive characterization and optimization of anti-LRRK2 (leucine-rich repeat kinase 2) monoclonal antibodies

Missense mutations in LRRK2 (leucine-rich repeat kinase 2) are a major cause of PD (Parkinson's disease). Several antibodies against LRRK2 have been developed, but results using these polyclonal antibodies have varied widely leading to conflicting conclusions. To address this challenge, the Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research generated a number of monoclonal antibodies targeting epitopes across the LRRK2 protein. In the present paper, we report optimized protocols and results for ten monoclonal antibodies for immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry, immunoprecipitation and kinase activity assays, in rat, mouse and human brain tissue. Several efficacious antibodies were identified, but results demonstrate that the mouse monoclonal N241A/34 is suitable for most applications, with the best overall rabbit monoclonal antibody being c41-2. These antibodies produced a dominant band of the expected size via immunoblotting and a lack of labelling in tissue derived from LRRK2-knockout animals under optimized conditions. A significant proportion of LRRK2 protein localizes to insoluble fractions and no evidence of truncated LRRK2 protein was detected in any fraction from rodent or human tissues. An assay was developed for the robust detection of LRRK2 kinase activity directly from frozen mouse and human brain tissue, but precipitous declines in activity were observed that corresponded to increasing post-mortem intervals and processing times. Finally, we demonstrate the highest levels of brain-localized LRRK2 in the striatum, but note differential expression patterns between rat and mouse in both striatum and cortex. Anti-LRRK2 monoclonal antibodies that are unlimited in availability together with the proposed standardized protocols should aid in the definition of LRRK2 function in both health and disease