SOCIAL IDENTITY AND MANIPULATIVE INTERHOUSEHOLD TRANSFERS AMONG EAST AFRICAN PASTORALISTS

We model interhousehold transfers between nomadic livestock herders as the state-dependent consequence of individuals' strategic interdependence resulting from the existence of multiple, opposing externalities. A public good security externality among individuals sharing a social (e.g., ethnic) identity in a potentially hostile environment creates incentives to band together. Self-interested interhousehold wealth transfers from wealthier herders to poorer ones may emerge endogenously within a limited wealth space as a means to motivate accompanying migration by the recipient. The distributional reach and size of the transfer are limited, however, by a resource appropriation externality related to the use of common property grazing lands. When this effect dominates, it can induce distributionally regressive transfers from ex ante poor households who want to relieve grazing pressures caused by larger herds. As compared to the extant literature on transfers, our model appears more consistent with the limited available empirical evidence on heterogeneous and changing transfers patterns among east African pastoralists.Agribusiness, D, O, Q18,

Plasma cholesteryl ester fatty acids do not mediate the association of ethnicity with type 2 diabetes: results from the HELIUS study

Scope: Ethnic minority groups have a higher risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) than the host population. Our aim was to identify whether plasma cholesteryl ester fatty acids (CEFA) mediate the ethnic differences in type 2 diabetes. Methods and results: We included 202 Dutch, 206 South-Asian Surinamese, 205 African Surinamese, 215 Turkish and 213 Moroccan origin participants of the HELIUS study (Amsterdam, the Netherlands). Logistic regression was used to determine the associations between plasma CEFA and T2D. Mediation analysis was used to identify whether CEFA contributed to the association between ethnicity and T2D. We adjusted for ethnicity, age, sex, smoking, physical activity and BMI. Associations between plasma CEFA and T2D were similar across all ethnic groups. Although differences in plasma CEFA across ethnic groups were observed, CEFA did not mediate the differences in T2D prevalence between ethnic groups. Conclusion: Although ethnic differences in plasma CEFA were found and CEFA were associated with T2D, CEFA did not contribute to the difference in T2D prevalence between ethnic groups. If confirmed, this implies that maintenance of the more beneficial CEFA profiles in the non-Dutch ethnic groups may be encouraged to prevent an even higher prevalence of T2D in these groups

Social Identity and Manipulative Interhousehold Transfers Among East African Pastoralists

We model interhousehold transfers between nomadic livestock herders as the state-dependent consequence of individuals\u27 strategic interdependence resulting from the existence of multiple, opposing externalities. A public good security externality among individuals sharing a social (e.g., ethnic) identity in a potentially hostile environment creates incentives to band together. Self-interested interhousehold wealth transfers from wealthier herders to poorer ones may emerge endogenously within a limited wealth space as a means to motivate accompanying migration by the recipient. The distributional reach and size of the transfer are limited, however, by a resource appropriation externality related to the use of common property grazing lands. When this effect dominates, it can induce distributionally regressive transfers from ex ante poor households who want to relieve grazing pressures caused by larger herds. As compared to the extant literature on transfers, our model appears more consistent with the limited available empirical evidence on heterogeneous and changing transfers\u27 patterns among east African pastoralists

Understanding Declining Mobility and Interhousehold Transfers Among East African Pasoralists

We model interhousehold transfers between nomadic livestock herders as the state-dependent consequence of individuals\u27 strategic interdependence resulting from the existence of multiple, opposing externalities. A public good security externality among individuals sharing a social (e.g., ethnic) identity in a potentially hostile environment creates incentives to band together. Self-interested interhousehold wealth transfers from wealthier herders to poorer ones may emerge endogenously within a limited wealth space as a means to motivate accompanying migration by the recipient. The distributional reach and size of the transfer are limited, however, by a resource appropriation externality related to the use of common property grazing lands. When this effect dominates, it can induce transfers from households who want to relieve grazing pressures caused by others\u27 herds. Our model augments the extant literature on transfers, and is perhaps more consistent with the limited available empirical evidence on heterogeneous and changing transfers\u27 patterns among east African pastoralists. The core principles of our model possibly apply more broadly, for example to long-distance migrants or even among foot soldiers in street gangs

Understanding Declining Mobility and Interhousehold Transfers among East African Pastoralists

We model interhousehold transfers between nomadic livestock herders as the state-dependent consequence of individuals\u27 strategic interdependence resulting from the existence of multiple, opposing externalities. A public good security externality among individuals sharing a social (e.g., ethnic) identity in a potentially hostile environment creates incentives to band together. Self-interested interhousehold wealth transfers from wealthier herders to poorer ones may emerge endogenously within a limited wealth space as a means to motivate accompanying migration by the recipient. The distributional reach and size of the transfer are limited, however, by a resource appropriation externality related to the use of common property grazing lands. When this effect dominates, it can induce transfers from households who want to relieve grazing pressures caused by others\u27 herds. Our model augments the extant literature on transfers, and is perhaps more consistent with the limited available empirical evidence on heterogeneous and changing transfers - patterns among east African pastoralists. The core principles of our model possibly apply more broadly, for example to long-distance migrants or even among foot soldiers in street gangs

Implementation conditions for diet and physical activity interventions and policies : an umbrella review

BACKGROUND: This umbrella review aimed at identifying evidence-based conditions important for successful implementation of interventions and policies promoting a healthy diet, physical activity (PA), and a reduction in sedentary behaviors (SB). In particular, we examined if the implementation conditions identified were intervention-specific or policy-specific. This study was undertaken as part of the DEterminants of DIet and Physical Activity (DEDIPAC) Knowledge Hub, a joint action as part of the European Joint Programming Initiative a Healthy Diet for a Healthy Life. METHODS: A systematic review of reviews and stakeholder documents was conducted. Data from nine scientific literature databases were analyzed (95 documents met the inclusion criteria). Additionally, published documentation of eight major stakeholders (e.g., World Health Organization) were systematically searched (17 documents met the inclusion criteria). The RE-AIM framework was used to categorize elicited conditions. Across the implementation conditions 25 % were identified in at least four documents and were subsequently classified as having obtained sufficient support. RESULTS: We identified 312 potential conditions relevant for successful implementation; 83 of these received sufficient support. Using the RE-AIM framework eight implementation conditions that obtained support referred to the reach in the target population; five addressed efficacy of implementation processes; 24 concerned adoption by the target staff, setting, or institutions; 43 referred to consistency, costs, and adaptations made in the implementation process; three addressed maintenance of effects over time. The vast majority of implementation conditions (87.9 %; 73 of 83) were supported by documents referring to both interventions and policies. There were seven policy-specific implementation conditions, which focused on increasing complexities of coexisting policies/legal instruments and their consequences for implementation, as well as politicians' collaboration in implementation. CONCLUSIONS: The use of the proposed list of 83 conditions for successful implementation may enhance the implementation of interventions and policies which pursue identification of the most successful actions aimed at improving diet, PA and reducing SB

Long-term noninvasive ventilation in COPD:current evidence and future directions

Introduction: Long-term noninvasive ventilation (NIV) is an established treatment for end-stage COPD patients suffering from chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure. This is reflected by its prominent position in national and international medical guidelines. Areas covered: In recent years, novel developments in technology such as auto-titrating machines and hybrid modes have emerged, and when combined with advances in information and communication technologies, these developments have served to improve the level of NIV-based care. Such progress has largely been instigated by the fact that healthcare systems are now confronted with an increase in the number of patients, which has led to the need for a change in current infrastructures. This article discusses the current practices and recent trends, and offers a glimpse into the future possibilities and requirements associated with this form of ventilation therapy. Expert opinion: Noninvasive ventilation is an established and increasingly used treatment option for patients with chronic hypercapnic COPD and those with persistent hypercapnia following acute hypercapnic lung failure. The main target is to augment alveolar hypoventilation by reducing PaCO2 to relieve symptoms. Nevertheless, when dealing with severely impaired patients, it appears necessary to switch the focus to patient-related outcomes such as health-related quality of life

Health and Its Relationship with Residential Relocations of Older People to Institutions versus to Independent Dwellings

Research into older people's relocations to independent dwellings has largely remained separate from research into moves to institutions. Yet, both types of moves could be a response to health problems and to a certain extent they could be substitutes for each other. Using Litwak and Longino's model of moves of older people, this study assesses the extent to which three commonly used health measures (limitations in activities of daily living [ADL], self-rated health, and the prevalence of [limiting] chronic conditions) predict older people's moves to subsidized care institutions and elsewhere, in one multinomial logistic regression model. The data were derived from the POLS survey for the Netherlands (N=8306) enriched with administrative data on subsequent moves. In line with Litwak and Longino's model, the findings indicate that older people's moves to institutions were more likely among those with more severe health problems, whereas moves elsewhere were more likely among those with moderate health problems. Among the three investigated health measures, limitations in ADL had the strongest predictive value, and was the only one for which the difference in effect between relocations to care institutions and relocations elsewhere was statistically significant

Goldstone bosons and a dynamical Higgs field

Higgs inflation uses the gauge variant Higgs field as the inflaton. During inflation the Higgs field is displaced from its minimum, which results in associated Goldstone bosons that are apparently massive. Working in a minimally coupled U(1) toy model, we use the closed-time-path formalism to show that these Goldstone bosons do contribute to the one-loop effective action. Therefore the computation in unitary gauge gives incorrect results. Our expression for the effective action is gauge invariant upon using the background equations of motion.Comment: 27 pages, 2 figures, published version with minor correction