Arctic HYCOS – 1st Workshop on Improved Monitoring, Accuracy and Data Availability in the Arctic Drainage Basin: Meeting Summary Report and Implementation Plan

The World Hydrological Cycle Observing System (WHYCOS) is a global programme, developed in response to the scarcity or absence of accurate, timely and accessible data and information in real or near real time on freshwater resources in many parts of the world. The programme is implemented through various components (HYCOSs) at the regional and/or basin scale. It is guided by the WHYCOS International Advisory Group (WIAG). The Arctic-HYCOS program is being promoted through this Workshop. For more information on the WHYCOS, please see http://www.whycos.org/cms/. The main goal of the Arctic-HYCOS program is to improve monitoring, data accuracy, availability and dissemination of information in the pan-arctic drainage basin. This project is science-driven and is aimed at monitoring freshwater fluxes and pollutants into the Arctic Ocean with the objective of improving climate predictions in the Northern Hemisphere and assessing the pollution of the Arctic coastal areas and the open Arctic Ocean. Arctic-HYCOS is currently organized along three main activities. 1. Develop and optimal design fro hydro-meteorological monitoring networks to capture the essential variability of the Arctic hydrological system and to enable accurate and efficient assessment of change 2. Estimate uncertainty of available in situ and possible remote sensing data including analysis of accuracy and systematic errors of new observation technology 3. Develop an integrated pan-arctic data consolidation and analysis system for the water cycle uniting data from various in-situ and other sources

Circular 100

Factors influencing calf survival are predation, insects, weather, diseases, and-ultimately-dam condition. In addition, reindeer calves on the Seward Peninsula are also subjected to annual herding and handling. The effects of any of these factors were unknown in reindeer herds on the Seward Peninsula. Our objectives were to determine the causes of mortality, particularly through purportedly high grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) predation; and to determine the survival rates of reindeer calves in one herd and provide management recommendations, based on a simple model, attempting to increase the herd numbers

Decline and fall:a biological, developmental, and psycholinguistic account of deliberative language processes and ageing

Background: This paper reviews the role of deliberative processes in language: those language processes that require central resources, in contrast to the automatic processes of lexicalisation, word retrieval, and parsing. 10 Aims: We describe types of deliberative processing, and show how these processes underpin high-level processes that feature strongly in language. We focus on metalin- guistic processing, strategic processing, inhibition, and planning. We relate them to frontal-lobe function and the development of the fronto-striate loop. We then focus on the role of deliberative processes in normal and pathological development and ageing, 15 and show how these processes are particularly susceptible to deterioration with age. In particular, many of the commonly observed language impairments encountered in ageing result from a decline in deliberative processing skills rather than in automatic language processes. Main Contribution: We argue that central processing plays a larger and more important 20 role in language processing and acquisition than is often credited. Conclusions: Deliberative language processes permeate language use across the lifespan. They are particularly prone to age-related loss. We conclude by discussing implications for therapy

The in vivo and in vitro transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood

The relationship between the concentration of 2,3 diphosphoglycerate (2,3 DPG) in the red cells and the oxygen tension of whole blood at an oxygen saturation of 50% (P«jq) has been studied in the blood of patients with various acid base disturbances, but particularly, in chronic bypoxaemia and hypercapnia resulting from chronic bronchitis and emphysema. was determined by the mixing technique with whole blood samples, and corrected to a pH of 7.U by a directly measured Bohr effect, 2,3 diphosphoglycerate concentrations were determined by a modification of Krimsky's enzymatic assayValues for both P₅₀₍₇.₄₎ and 2,3 DPG varied widely in the bronchitic patients from low, normal to high values, as compared to values in normal subjects, in contradistinction to the results observed by others in patients with hypoxaemia which is not associated with CO₂ retention, where 2,3 DPG levels are described as consistently raised.A significant positive correlation was established between 2,3 DPG concentrations and P₅₀₍₇.₄₎ (r= 0.597, p = < 0.001), but there was considerable variance about this regression relationship.The role of factors known to affect this relationship was studied; these included whole blood pH (and PC0₂), intraerythrocytic pH (measured by the freeze-thaw technique), haematocrit, Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin Concentration, red cell mass, and inorganic phosphate concentrations. The concept of conflicting regulatory actions on 2,3 DPG concentrations was considered, and it was concluded that chronic arterial hypoxaemia might directly affect the P₅₀//2,3 DPG relationship in these patients.The physiological role of any increase in 2,3 DPG concentrations in these patients appears to be trivial, in so far as facilitation of oxygen transport is concerned, and the reasons for this result are discussed

Reverse Engineering Software Code in Java to Show Method Level Dependencies

With the increased dependency on the Internet and computers, the software industry continues to grow. However, just as new software is being developed, older software is still in existence and must be maintained. This tends to be a difficult task, as the developers charged with maintaining the software are not always the developers who designed it. Reverse engineering is the study of an application\u27s code and behavior, in order to better understand the system and its design. There are many existing tools that will assist the developer with this undertaking, such as Rational Rose®, jGRASP®, and Eclipse®. However, all the tools generate high level abstractions of the system in question, like the class diagram. It would be more beneficial to developers to have illustrations with more detailed information, such as the method level dependencies in the source code. In order to accomplish this task, a new framework has been developed that will allow the user to view both high level and lower level code detail. As users attempt to perform code maintenance, they will run the code through an existing tool, such as Rational Rose®, and then through the Method Level Dependency Generator component, to show the method level dependencies. These tools used together provide the software maintainer with more useful information, assisting with the software development process, including code design, implementation, and testing

An Integrated Exploration of the Contextual, Relational, and Individual Factors that Impact High School Completion among African Americans

African American students are consistently reported as having among the lowest high school graduation rates when compared to other races (U.S. Department of Education, 2018). While many studies have sought to explore the potential risks of high school dropout, the intention of this study is to examine the factors that support the exemplary resilience of those students who do complete high school. The present study adopts the framework of García Coll et al.’s, (1996) integrative model of developmental competencies in minority children, as it seeks to identity whether and how contextual (spiritual, educational, cultural); relational (caregiver psychological and physical relationship quality); and individual factors (academic self-efficacy) influence African American individuals to complete high school. To analyze the implications of the research questions, I propose the use of a double moderation and moderated moderation approach to determine the influence of the predictors on high school completion. The findings of this study provided partial support for the associated hypotheses. Specifically, although the dimension of contextual resilience did not emerge as a unique predictor of African American students’ high school completion, the interaction between contextual factors and relational factors revealed that at higher levels of relational factors, increased contextual factors are associated with an increased likelihood of high school completion. Importantly, the findings also suggest that at lower levels of relational factors, increased contextual factors are associated with a decreased likelihood of high school completion among African American students. Implications and future directions are discussed

Ageing makes us dyslexic

Background: The effects of typical ageing on spoken language are well known: word production is disproportionately affected while syntactic processing is relatively well preserved. Little is known, however, about how ageing affects reading.Aims: What effect does ageing have on written language processing? In particular, how does it affect our ability to read words? How does it affect phonological awareness (our ability to manipulate the sounds of our language)?Methods &amp; Procedures: We tested 14 people with Parkinson's disease (PD), 14 typically ageing adults (TAA), and 14 healthy younger adults on a range of background neuropsychological tests and tests of phonological awareness. We then carried out an oral naming experiment where we manipulated consistency, and a nonword repetition task where we manipulated the word-likeness of the nonwords.Outcomes &amp; Results: We find that normal ageing causes individuals to become mildly phonologically dyslexic in that people have difficulty pronouncing nonwords. People with Parkinson's disease perform particularly poorly on language tasks involving oral naming and metalinguistic processing. We also find that ageing causes difficulty in repeating nonwords. We show that these problems are associated with a more general difficulty in processing phonological information, supporting the idea that language difficulties, including poorer reading in older age, can result from a general phonological deficit.Conclusions: We suggest that neurally this age-induced dyslexia is associated with frontal deterioration (and perhaps deterioration in other regions) and cognitively to the loss of executive processes that enable us to manipulate spoken and written language. We discuss implications for therapy and treatment

Relationship between inflammatory markers, metabolic and anthropometric variables in the Caribbean type 2 diabetic patients with and without microvascular complications

BACKGROUND: Serum sialic acid and C reactive protein are the markers for inflammation. The main objective of this study was to determine the sialic acid level in Caribbean type 2 diabetic patients with and without microvascular complications and its relationship with metabolic and anthropometric variables. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The Caribbean subjects aged 15–60 years with type 2 diabetes were recruited for the study. Fasting venous blood samples were collected from 162 subjects of which 44 were healthy individuals, 44 were of type 2 diabetes, 44 were of type 2 diabetes with nephropathy and 30 were of diabetes with retinopathy. Simultaneously urine samples were also collected from each of the subjects. All the blood samples were processed for lipid profile, glucose, HbA1(C, )C-reactive protein and sialic acid. The urine samples were analysed for sialic acid and microalbumin. RESULTS: Serum sialic acid concentrations were significantly higher among diabetic subjects (66.0 ± 11.7 mg %) as compared to controls (55.2 ± 8.3 mg %). There was a significantly increasing trend of serum sialic acid with severity of nephropathy (71.6 ± 23.6 mg %) and degree of urinary albumin excretion (794.3 ± 805.9). The diabetic retinopathy patients also demonstrated significantly higher values of serum sialic acid (77.9 ± 29.0) and urine microalbumin (351.1 ± 559.9). Elevated serum sialic acid microalbumin concentrations were associated with cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, increased waist to hip ratios. (P < 0.05). Sialic acid had no correlation with CRP or any component of the lipid profile. CONCLUSION: The increased serum sialic acid and microalbumin were strongly related to the presence of microvascular complications like diabetic nephropathy and diabetic retinopathy and cardiovascular risk factors like hypertension and waist to hip ratios in Caribbean type-2 diabetic patients. The serum sialic acid may be used as an inflammatory marker and possible indicator of microvascular complications in type-2 diabetic patients

The Mg/Ca–temperature relationship in brachiopod shells: calibrating a potential palaeoseasonality proxy

Brachiopods are long-lived, long-ranging, extant organisms, of which some groups precipitate a relatively diagenetically stable low magnesium calcite shell. Previous work has suggested that the incorporation of Mg into brachiopod calcite may be controlled by temperature (Brand et al., 2013). Here we build upon this work by using laser ablation sampling to define the intra-shell variations in two modern brachiopod species,Terebratulina retusa (Linnaeus, 1758) and Liothyrella neozelanica (Thomson, 1918). We studied three T. retusa shells collected live from the Firth of Lorne, Scotland, which witnessed annual temperature variations on the order of 7 °C, in addition to four L. neozelanica shells, which were dredged from a water depth transect (168–1488 m) off the north coast of New Zealand. The comparison of intra-shell Mg/Ca profiles with shell δ&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;O confirms a temperature control on brachiopod Mg/Ca and supports the use of brachiopod Mg/Ca as a palaeoseasonality indicator. Our preliminary temperature calibrations are Mg/Ca = 1.76 ± 0.27 e&lt;sup&gt;(0.16 ± 0.03)T&lt;/sup&gt;, R&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 0.75, for T. retusa and Mg/Ca = 0.49 ± 1.27 e&lt;sup&gt;(0.2 ± 0.11)T&lt;/sup&gt;, R&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 0.32, for L. neozelanica (errors are 95% confidence intervals)