Speaker normalization in the perception of Mandarin Chinese tones

This is the publisher's version, also available electronically from http://scitation.aip.org/content/asa/journal/jasa/102/3/10.1121/1.420092.This study investigated speaker normalization in perception of Mandarin tone 2 (midrising) and tone 3 (low-falling–rising) by examining listeners’ use of F0 range as a cue to speaker identity. Two speakers were selected such that tone 2 of the low-pitched speaker and tone 3 of the high-pitched speaker occurred at equivalent F0 heights. Production and perception experiments determined that turning point (or inflection point of the tone), and ΔF0 (the difference in F0 between onset and turning point) distinguished the two tones. Three tone continua varying in either turning point, ΔF0, or both acoustic dimensions, were then appended to a natural precursor phrase from each of the two speakers. Results showed identification shifts such that identical stimuli were identified as low tones for the high precursor condition, but as high tones for the low precursor condition. Stimuli varying in turning point showed no significant shift, suggesting that listeners normalize only when the precursor varies in the same dimension as the stimuli. The magnitude of the shift was greater for stimuli varying only in ΔF0, as compared to stimuli varying in both turning point and ΔF0, indicating that normalization effects are reduced for stimuli more closely matching natural speech

YidC and SecY mediate membrane insertion of a type I transmembrane domain

YidC has been identified recently as an evolutionary conserved factor that is involved in the integration of inner membrane proteins (IMPs) in Escherichia coli. The discovery of YidC has inspired the reevaluation of membrane protein assembly pathways in E. coli. In this study, we have analyzed the role of YidC in membrane integration of a widely used model IMP, leader peptidase (Lep). Site-directed photocross-linking experiments demonstrate that both YidC and SecY contact nascent Lep very early during biogenesis, at only 50-amino acid nascent chain length. At this length the first transmembrane domain (TM), which acquires a type I topology, is not even fully exposed outside the ribosome. The pattern of interactions appears dependent on the position of the cross-linking probe in the nascent chain. Upon elongation, nascent Lep remains close to YidC and comes into contact with lipids as well. Our results suggest a role for YidC in both the reception and lipid partitioning of type I TMs

The Economic Archaeology of Roman Economic Performance

Recent years have witnessed a paradigm shift in the study of the Roman economy. Methodologically modern economic analysis is now far more acceptable than it once was, and archaeology has become the major source of empirical data for many questions. On the substantive side there is now a far clearer appreciation of the major changes that the Roman economy underwent, with substantial growth of population and aggregate production and even some improvements in standard of living, but followed by equally dramatic decline. This economic success was not limited to the imperial core, but also extended to the provinces

Inventory Existing Risk Scenarios

This report provides an inventory of existing hazard data, spatial data sets and socioeconomic projections to process scenario information and future risk projections for the ENHANCE case studies. As a basis for this inventory, we conducted a small survey across the EHNHANCE cases study on their data needs. Table 1.1 provides a preliminary overview of the hazard- and socioeconomic data and scenario's required within the different case studies. This overview on the case study data needs and the data availability within the different case study partners, was discussed during the project meetings in Venice, May 2013 and Ispra (September 2013). During the meeting in Ispra, the case studies were offered a 2 days hands on workshop on how to use scenario and risk data or their case studies. This workshop was offered by IVM and JRC. Since the ENHANCE project follows a risk based approach, we similarly have focused this report on (1) data and projections for different types of natural hazards (Chapter 2) and (2) trends in socioeconomic factors that influence exposure and vulnerability to the natural hazard (Chapter 3). In addition, we have specifically outlined methods to process socioeconomic scenarios (Chapter 4) and probabilistic methods (Chapter 5) to describe extreme events with a very low probability. The main objectives of this report are to: - Provide an inventory of dynamic hazard scenarios at the pan-European scale, based on existing information at JRC or other institutes; - Provide an inventory of socioeconomic data and projections in Europe as well as some global outlook projections, possibly relevant for ENHANCE; - Develop a probabilistic risk framework for identifying probabilities of extreme events in the case studies

Serum Levels of Markers of Endothelial Activation Are Not Associated with a Positive Blood Culture in Surinamese Children with Suspected Severe Infection

Background: Systemic serum levels of markers of endothelial activation are associated with infection. We hypothesize that levels of markers of endothelial activation are associated with the presence of a positive blood culture as a manifestation of a systemic infection in children with a suspected severe infection in Suriname. Methods: In this prospective observational cohort study, children between 1 month and 18 years of age suspected of severe infection as assessed by the threating physician, and in whom laboratory testing and blood culturing was performed before start of intravenous antibiotic treatment, were recruited at the emergency department of the Academic Hospital Paramaribo, Suriname. Serum was collected at blood culturing and after 48-72 h of admission. Serum was stored for measurement of levels of Angiopoietin (Ang)-1, Ang-2, soluble (s)P-selectin, sE-selectin, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and platelet and endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1. Results: Fifty-one children were included of whom 10 had a positive blood culture. Baseline characteristics were similar between children with and without a positive blood culture. No significant differences in serum levels of the Angiopoietins or soluble cellular adhesion molecules between groups were observed at start of antibiotic treatment nor after 48-72 h. Conclusions: The data from this study indicate that in children with severe infection, serum levels of markers of endothelial cell activation are not associated with a positive blood culture. Thus, having a positive bacterial blood culture may not be the only factor driving endothelial activation in this patient population

What if Dutch investors started worrying about flood risk? Implications for disaster risk reduction

Increasingly, roles and responsibilities of the public sector in flood risk management are receiving attention in research and policy. Part of the debate suggests that allocating risk to the private sector increases efficiency as it promotes individual adaptation, thereby reducing the impact if a disaster occurs. In this paper, we analyse the macroeconomic effects as risk-averse investors take flood risk into account in their investment decisions. Our case study is the large Rotterdam area in the Netherlands. Using a spatial computable general equilibium model, we find that the decrease in investments in risky areas leads to a reduction in capital and production in the large Rotterdam area leading to a reduction in potential monetary disaster losses, but not to a reduction in population. The reallocation of risk reduces the long-term impacts from a flood on government tax revenues, but it also leads to welfare losses among households residing in risky regions

Із зали засідань Президії НАН України

На черговому засіданні Президії НАН України 13 червня 2012 року члени Президії НАН України та запрошені заслухали такі питання: Спільне засідання Президії Національної академії наук України та Колегії Державної служби статистики України «Про затвердження проекту програми перепису населення» (доповідачі — заступник голови Держстату України Н.С. Власенко та академік НАН України Е.М. Лібанова); Про наукові підходи до вирішення проблеми збереження та відтворення лісів України (доповідач — член-кореспондент НААН України В.П. Ткач); Про нагородження відзнаками НАН України та Почесними грамотами НАН України і Центрального комітету профспілки працівників НАН України (доповідач — академік НАН України В.Ф. Мачулін); Кадрові та поточні питання

Understanding Terrorist Organizations with a Dynamic Model

Terrorist organizations change over time because of processes such as recruitment and training as well as counter-terrorism (CT) measures, but the effects of these processes are typically studied qualitatively and in separation from each other. Seeking a more quantitative and integrated understanding, we constructed a simple dynamic model where equations describe how these processes change an organization's membership. Analysis of the model yields a number of intuitive as well as novel findings. Most importantly it becomes possible to predict whether counter-terrorism measures would be sufficient to defeat the organization. Furthermore, we can prove in general that an organization would collapse if its strength and its pool of foot soldiers decline simultaneously. In contrast, a simultaneous decline in its strength and its pool of leaders is often insufficient and short-termed. These results and other like them demonstrate the great potential of dynamic models for informing terrorism scholarship and counter-terrorism policy making.Comment: To appear as Springer Lecture Notes in Computer Science v2: vectorized 4 figures, fixed two typos, more detailed bibliograph

Assessing flood risk at the global scale: model setup, results, and sensitivity

Globally, economic losses from flooding exceeded $19 billion in 2012, and are rising rapidly. Hence, there is an increasing need for global-scale flood risk assessments, also within the context of integrated global assessments. We have developed and validated a model cascade for producing global flood risk maps, based on numerous flood return-periods. Validation results indicate that the model simulates interannual fluctuations in flood impacts well. The cascade involves: hydrological and hydraulic modelling; extreme value statistics; inundation modelling; flood impact modelling; and estimating annual expected impacts. The initial results estimate global impacts for several indicators, for example annual expected exposed population (169 million); and annual expected exposed GDP ($1383 billion). These results are relatively insensitive to the extreme value distribution employed to estimate low frequency flood volumes. However, they are extremely sensitive to the assumed flood protection standard; developing a database of such standards should be a research priority. Also, results are sensitive to the use of two different climate forcing datasets. The impact model can easily accommodate new, user-defined, impact indicators. We envisage several applications, for example: identifying risk hotspots; calculating macro-scale risk for the insurance industry and large companies; and assessing potential benefits (and costs) of adaptation measures