September the 11th 2001 and Security Dilemma

Security and insecurity are complex concepts that states have problem in defining them in different conditions. Complexity of the concepts comes out of security dilemma which states face when they seek to recognize enemy and scale of threat that the enemy may cause. Events of September the 11th formed a new condition in which United States faced the security dilemma that had not risen from a specific country but the enemy that was not recognizable and did not behave like states. United States attempted to solve the mentioned security dilemma by defining enemy, its threats and the new condition after events of September the 11th. This article, in order to explain the security dilemma of the United States after events of the September the 11th, is written in two parts; the first part is to explain security dilemma and the approaches that have been given to solve it and the second part tends to explain the security dilemma that United States faced after terrorist attacks of September the 11th 2001. Keywords: Security dilemma; Terrorism; United States; September the 11thRésumé: La sécurité et l'insécurité sont des concepts complexes et les Etats ont des difficultés à les définir dans des conditions différentes. La complexité des concepts vient du dilemme de sécurité auquel les Etats font face quand ils cherchent à reconnaître l'ennemi et l'ampleur de la menace que l'ennemi peut causer. Les événements du 11 septembre a formé une nouvelle condition, dans laquelle les États-Unis ont fait face à un dilemme de sécurité qui ne venait pas d'un pays spécifique, mais d'un ennemi non reconnaissable qui ne se comportait pas comme des États. Les États-Unis ont tenté de résoudre ce dilemme de sécurité par la définition de l'ennemi, de ses menaces et de la nouvelle condition après les événements du 11 septembre. Cet article, afin d'expliquer le dilemme de la sécurité des États-Unis après les événements du 11 septembre, est composé en deux parties: la première partie est d'expliquer le dilemme de sécurité et les approches qui ont été utilisées pour le résoudre et la deuxième partie tend à expliquer le dilemme de sécurité auquel les États-Unis font face après les attentats terroristes du 11 septembre 2001.Mots-clés: dilemme de sécurité; terrorisme; États-Unis; 11 septembr

September the 11th 2001 and Security Dilemma

Security and insecurity are complex concepts that states have problem in defining them in different conditions. Complexity of the concepts comes out of security dilemma which states face when they seek to recognize enemy and scale of threat that the enemy may cause. Events of September the 11th formed a new condition in which United States faced the security dilemma that had not risen from a specific country but the enemy that was not recognizable and did not behave like states. United States attempted to solve the mentioned security dilemma by defining enemy, its threats and the new condition after events of September the 11th. This article, in order to explain the security dilemma of the United States after events of the September the 11th, is written in two parts; the first part is to explain security dilemma and the approaches that have been given to solve it and the second part tends to explain the security dilemma that United States faced after terrorist attacks of September the 11th 2001. Keywords: Security dilemma; Terrorism; United States; September the 11thRésumé: La sécurité et l'insécurité sont des concepts complexes et les Etats ont des difficultés à les définir dans des conditions différentes. La complexité des concepts vient du dilemme de sécurité auquel les Etats font face quand ils cherchent à reconnaître l'ennemi et l'ampleur de la menace que l'ennemi peut causer. Les événements du 11 septembre a formé une nouvelle condition, dans laquelle les États-Unis ont fait face à un dilemme de sécurité qui ne venait pas d'un pays spécifique, mais d'un ennemi non reconnaissable qui ne se comportait pas comme des États. Les États-Unis ont tenté de résoudre ce dilemme de sécurité par la définition de l'ennemi, de ses menaces et de la nouvelle condition après les événements du 11 septembre. Cet article, afin d'expliquer le dilemme de la sécurité des États-Unis après les événements du 11 septembre, est composé en deux parties: la première partie est d'expliquer le dilemme de sécurité et les approches qui ont été utilisées pour le résoudre et la deuxième partie tend à expliquer le dilemme de sécurité auquel les États-Unis font face après les attentats terroristes du 11 septembre 2001.Mots-clés: dilemme de sécurité; terrorisme; États-Unis; 11 septembr

Extractive Fermentation for Recovery of Bacteriocin-Like Inhibitory Substances Derived from Lactococcus lactis Gh1 Using PEG2000/Dextran T500 Aqueous Two-Phase System

This work aimed to optimize the parameters affecting partitioning of a bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances (BLIS) from Lactococcus lactis Gh1 in extractive fermentation using polyethylene glycol (PEG)/dextran aqueous two-phase system (ATPS). This system was developed for the simultaneous cell cultivation and downstream processing of BLIS. Results showed that the molecular weight of PEG, PEG concentration, and dextran T500 affect the partition coefficient (K), purification factor (PF), and yield of BLIS partitioning. ATPS composed of 10% (w/w) PEG2000 and 8% (w/w) dextran T500, provided the greatest conditions for the extractive BLIS production. The K (1.00±0.16), PF (2.92±0.37) and yield (77.24±2.81%) were increased at selected orbital speed (200 rpm) and pH (pH 7). Sustainable growth of the cells in the bioreactor and repeated fermentation up to the eighth extractive batch were observed during the scale up process, ensuring a continuous production and purification of BLIS. Hence, the simplicity and effectiveness of ATPS in the purification of BLIS were proven in this study

Anti-Arthritic Effects of Magnolol in Human Interleukin 1β-Stimulated Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes and in a Rat Arthritis Model

Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) play an important role in the pathologic processes of destructive arthritis by producing a number of catabolic cytokines and metalloproteinases (MMPs). The expression of these mediators is controlled at the transcriptional level. The purposes of this study were to evaluate the anti-arthritic effects of magnolol (5,5′-Diallyl-biphenyl-2,2′-diol), the major bioactive component of the bark of Magnolia officinalis, by examining its inhibitory effects on inflammatory mediator secretion and the NF-κB and AP-1 activation pathways and to investigate its therapeutic effects on the development of arthritis in a rat model. The in vitro anti-arthritic activity of magnolol was tested on interleukin (IL)-1β-stimulated FLS by measuring levels of IL-6, cyclooxygenase-2, prostaglandin E2, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) by ELISA and RT-PCR. Further studies on how magnolol inhibits IL-1β-stimulated cytokine expression were performed using Western blots, reporter gene assay, electrophoretic mobility shift assay, and confocal microscope analysis. The in vivo anti-arthritic effects of magnolol were evaluated in a Mycobacterium butyricum-induced arthritis model in rats. Magnolol markedly inhibited IL-1β (10 ng/mL)-induced cytokine expression in a concentration-dependent manner (2.5–25 µg/mL). In clarifying the mechanisms involved, magnolol was found to inhibit the IL-1β-induced activation of the IKK/IκB/NF-κB and MAPKs pathways by suppressing the nuclear translocation and DNA binding activity of both transcription factors. In the animal model, magnolol (100 mg/kg) significantly inhibited paw swelling and reduced serum cytokine levels. Our results demonstrate that magnolol inhibits the development of arthritis, suggesting that it might provide a new therapeutic approach to inflammatory arthritis diseases

Anesthetic Propofol Reduces Endotoxic Inflammation by Inhibiting Reactive Oxygen Species-regulated Akt/IKKβ/NF-κB Signaling

BACKGROUND: Anesthetic propofol has immunomodulatory effects, particularly in the area of anti-inflammation. Bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces inflammation through toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 signaling. We investigated the molecular actions of propofol against LPS/TLR4-induced inflammatory activation in murine RAW264.7 macrophages. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Non-cytotoxic levels of propofol reduced LPS-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and NO as determined by western blotting and the Griess reaction, respectively. Propofol also reduced the production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-10 as detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Western blot analysis showed propofol inhibited LPS-induced activation and phosphorylation of IKKβ (Ser180) and nuclear factor (NF)-κB (Ser536); the subsequent nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 was also reduced. Additionally, propofol inhibited LPS-induced Akt activation and phosphorylation (Ser473) partly by reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation; inter-regulation that ROS regulated Akt followed by NF-κB activation was found to be crucial for LPS-induced inflammatory responses in macrophages. An in vivo study using C57BL/6 mice also demonstrated the anti-inflammatory properties against LPS in peritoneal macrophages. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: These results suggest that propofol reduces LPS-induced inflammatory responses in macrophages by inhibiting the interconnected ROS/Akt/IKKβ/NF-κB signaling pathways

Factors Influencing the Executive and Legislative Conflict in Nigeria Political Development

ABSTRACT:-The article examined the factor influencing the executive and legislative conflicts in Nigeria Political development. A current trend in the relationships between these organs of government has gathered greater momentum from academics, policy makers, and development organizations as well as researchers. The political dimension of development has contributed immensely in defining the nature of executive and legislative relationship. Nigeria political development has been hampered by the conflictual political relationship existing between the key actors of policy making and policy execution. Separation of Power Theory was used to explain what is needed from these key political players in the government of Nigeria. The harmony expected from these major players results to institutional stability, political development as well as defined legal institutions that protect all aspects of the Nigerian State. This paper among other things explores the following issues: the factors responsible for the executive and legislative conflicts which impede on Nigerian; the implication of this problem for the political development and the significantchallenges and prospects to Nigerian

Extractive Fermentation for Recovery of Bacteriocin-Like Inhibitory Substances Derived from Lactococcus lactis Gh1 Using PEG2000/Dextran T500 Aqueous Two-Phase System

This work aimed to optimize the parameters affecting partitioning of a bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances (BLIS) from Lactococcus lactis Gh1 in extractive fermentation using polyethylene glycol (PEG)/dextran aqueous two-phase system (ATPS). This system was developed for the simultaneous cell cultivation and downstream processing of BLIS. Results showed that the molecular weight of PEG, PEG concentration, and dextran T500 affect the partition coefficient (K), purification factor (PF), and yield of BLIS partitioning. ATPS composed of 10% (w/w) PEG2000 and 8% (w/w) dextran T500, provided the greatest conditions for the extractive BLIS production. The K (1.00 ± 0.16), PF (2.92 ± 0.37) and yield (77.24 ± 2.81%) were increased at selected orbital speed (200 rpm) and pH (pH 7). Sustainable growth of the cells in the bioreactor and repeated fermentation up to the eighth extractive batch were observed during the scale up process, ensuring a continuous production and purification of BLIS. Hence, the simplicity and effectiveness of ATPS in the purification of BLIS were proven in this study