Densitometric Determination of Risedronate Sodium in Tablets

An HPTLC method for analysis of risedronate sodium in bulk and pharmaceutical formulation has been established and validated. The analyte was separated on aluminium plates precoated with silica gel 60 F254 . The mobile phase was water-acetontrile-ammonia solution 9.3:0.40:0.3 (v/v). Quantification was done by densitometric scanning at 262 nm. Response was a linear function of risedronate asdium concentration in the range of 5 to 25 μg/mL. The limit of detection and quantification for risedronate sodium were 0.86 and 3.03 μg/mL respectively. Average recovery of risedronate sodium was 99.31, which shows that the method was free from interference from excipients present in the formulation. The established method enabled accurate, precise, and rapid analysis of risedronate sodium in bulk as well as pharmaceutical formulation.Colegio de Farmacéuticos de la Provincia de Buenos Aire

High sensitivity C - reactive protein (hs-CRP) and clinical characteristics, endocrine, metabolic profile in Indian women with PCOS: a correlation

Background: Role of hs-CRP was studied in PCOS women.Methods: Correlation between serum hs-CRP and endocrine, metabolic profile was studied in 30 healthy women and 88 PCOS women. In PCOS women correlation between hs-CRP and clinical characteristics viz obesity, infertility, acne, hirsutism, acanthosis nigricans (AN) was also studied. Serum levels of hs-CRP, Luteinizing hormone (LH), Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), LH:FSH ratio, Testosterone (Testo), fasting insulin, fasting blood glucose (FBG), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (Tg), low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL) and Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA) were estimated.Results: Mean serum hs-CRP in PCOS women was higher than that in control women (6.9 ± SE 0.84 v/s 2.0 ± SE 0.19mg/L, P=0.005).  In PCOS group overweight/obese had higher hs-CRP as compared to normal weight women (P=0.0051). In control group hs-CRP was positively correlated with age (r=0.385 p=0.035) and LDL (r=0.38 P=0.036). PCOS women showed positive correlation between hs-CRP and cholesterol, LDL, fasting insulin, HOMA. PCOS women showed a significant negative correlation between hs-CRP and LH. AN positive PCOS women showed higher serum hs-CRP levels as compared to AN negative PCOS women (11 ± SE 0.7 v/s 5.5 ± SE 2.3, P=0.0439).Conclusions: Serum hs-CRP is raised in Indian PCOS women reflecting association of low grade chronic inflammation. A positive correlation is present between hs-CRP and AN, insulin in PCOS women and obesity may aggravate this association. A positive correlation between hs-CRP and TC, LDL in the background of normal lipid profile is suggestive of precedence of chronic inflammation over dyslipidemia in PCOS

End tidal CO2 level (PETCO2) during laparoscopic surgery: comparison between spinal anaesthesia and general anaesthesia

Background: Laparoscopy is a procedure which involves insufflations of the abdomen by a gas, so that endoscope can visualise intra abdominal content without being in direct contact with viscera or tissues. Its advantages are small incisions, less pain, less postoperative ileus, short hospital stay compared to traditional open method. Monitoring of end tidal carbon dioxide (PETCO2) and hemodynamics is very necessary during Laparoscopy surgery. This study is conducted to find out effects of CO2 insufflation on parameters like PETCO2, Mean arterial pulse pressure, SPO2 under spinal anaesthesia and general anaesthesia in ASA I and ASA II patients.Methods: The present study was conducted in the department of anaesthesiology from December 2014 to September 2015.This study was a prospective, randomized controlled, single blind. Each group consisted of 30 patients having Group A and Group B as patient undergoing laparoscopic surgery under Spinal anaesthesia and General anaesthesia respectively. Preoperatively patients in Group A (Spinal anaesthesia) given inj. Midazolam 0.3mg/kg IM 45 before surgery and Group B (General anaesthesia) inj. pentazocin 0.3mg/kg, inj. promethazine 0.5mg/kg, inj. Glycopyrrolate 0.004 mg/kg IM 45 before surgery. In operation theatre, intra operative pulseoximetre, ECG, SPO2, Heart rate (HR), Mean arterial pulse pressure and PETCO2 monitoring done. Amount of CO2 insufflated noted.Results: It was found from present study that in both group there was significant progressive rise in PETCO2 after CO2 insufflation, with peak at 30 min and thereafter plateau till the end of procedure (avg. duration 45-60 min). In group A i.e. laparoscopic surgery under spinal anaesthesia with (spontaneous respiration) the rise in PETCO2 was significant as compared to the group B i.e. laparoscopic surgery under general anaesthesia with controlled ventilation. The heart rate increased after CO2 insufflation in both the group, but it was significant in group A. The increase in SBP, DBP, MAP were less in group A as compared to group B. SPO2 showed no significant changes and it remained above 97% in all patients throughout surgery. All values come to baseline 15 min after insufflation.Conclusions: From the present study it can be concluded that balanced general anaesthesia using IPPV with moderate hyperventilation, as the preferred anaesthetic technique for laparoscopic surgery

Drug utilization pattern in outpatient department of Government Medical College and C.P.R. Hospital, Kolhapur

Background: Drug utilization studies are used to analyze different aspects of the use of drugs and to implement methods of improving therapeutic quality. This study was conducted to study drug prescription pattern in outpatient department of Government Medical College and C.P.R. Hospital, Kolhapur which is one of the important medical college in western Maharashtra.Methods: One thousand prescriptions were screened & analyzed as per the study parameters from OPD of Government Medical College & C.P.R. Hospital, Kolhapur. Study parameters like demographic profile of the patient like age, sex and diagnosis were recorded. Also groups of drugs commonly prescribed, number of drugs per patient, drug profile and drawbacks of prescription if any were recorded and analyzed.Results: Most common group of drugs prescribed by physicians was Analgesics (32.83%), followed by Antimicrobials (22.82%), Multivitamins (16.42%) and Antacids (9.14%). The average number of drugs prescribed per patient was four; the average number of analgesic was one. The incidence of polypharmacy was common occurrence and some prescriptions had small drawbacks like absence of diagnosis, absence of doctor’s signature, etc.Conclusions: We conclude that most of the prescriptions which were analyzed at R.C.S.M. Government Medical College and C.P.R. Hospital, Kolhapur, were according to the standard norms of WHO prescriptions and also most of the drugs prescribed were from the list of essential drug list. But still there is scope for improvement in prescription pattern

Comparative study of hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine and hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine with low dose dexmedetomidine in spinal anaesthesia

Background: Spinal anaesthesia remains one of the basic techniques in the arsenal of modern anaesthesiology despite the waxing and waning of its popularity over last 100 years since its introduction into clinical practice.It avoids biochemical and metabolic changes consequent to the stress of general anesthesia for surgery as well as provides near optimal conditions for surgery. In present study, we tried to study effectiveness of intrathecal 0.5% heavy bupivacaine alone with Dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant to intrathecal 0.5% heavy bupivacaine for lower limb and lower abdominal surgeries.Methods: The present study was conducted in the department of anaesthesiology from December 2011 to September 2013.This study was a prospective, randomised controlled, single blind, study conducted in 100 patients of ASA grade I and II undergoing elective surgeries under spinal anaesthesia. The patients were divided randomly into two groups, containing 50 patients in each group. Dosages of drugs selected are divided as Group B: Patients received 3 ml of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine (15mg) and Group BD: Patients received 3 ml of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine (15mg) plus 10 µg Dexmedetomidine. Spinal block characteristics, Mean arterial pressure, Mean pulse rate, sedation and side effects were studied during intra-operative and postoperative period.Results: It was found from present study that in Dexmedetomidine group time to reach T10 sensory blockade and complete motor blockade was earlier and a higher level of sensory blockade compared to control group achieved. Duration of sensory, motor blockade and duration of analgesia was significantly prolonged in the Dexmedetomidine group compared to the control group. Hemodynamic parameters were preserved both intra-operatively and postoperatively. However there were a small percentage of patients who developed hypotension and bradycardia which were easily managed without any untoward effect. Hence Dexmedetomidine is a better neuraxial adjuvant for providing early onset of sensory and motor blockade, prolonged sensory blockade and post operative analgesia and adequate sedation.Conclusions: Intrathecal low dose Dexmedetomidine in a dose of 10µg along with 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine is an addition into anaesthesiologist's armamentarium for spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing elective lower abdominal and lower limb surgeries

Assessment of initiation of post-exposure prophylaxis with anti-rabies vaccine in cases of dog bites: an observational study

Background: The management of rabies is challenging because of the long incubation period, lack of specificity of early prodromal symptoms and 100% fatality rate. Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) with anti-rabies vaccine (ARV) at the earliest has proven life-saving. Studies conducted in many parts of the country have shown that the time interval between exposure and initiation of PEP is wide. The objective was to study the profile of dog bites cases and assess initiation of PEP with ARV.Methods: Prospective observational study where prescription sheets of all new cases of dog bite injury were evaluated for a period of 3-month.Results: The victims of dog bite were predominantly males (72.41% males vs. 27.59% females, n=551). 45% cases belonged to the age group of 15-44 years. The majority of the cases (88.03%) were of wound Category II. The most common site of a dog bite was lower limb (80.94%). The percentage of cases who had received ARV within 24 hrs was 41.92, between 1 and 3 days was 31.03, between 4 and 10 days was 21.60, whereas 5.45% cases received vaccine after 10 days of exposure.Conclusion: Substantial proportion of victims of dog bite did not report and receive PEP within 24 hrs of exposure

A Study of drug utilization and clinical outcomes in indoor patients of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy

Background: Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are an important determinant of drug use during pregnancy. The aim of study was to assess the clinical outcome and evaluate drug utilization according to WHO core drug prescribing indicators in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.Methods: This prospective, observational study in a tertiary care hospital was conducted in 150 pregnant women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy from January 2014 and December 2014 who fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Antepartum and intrapartum care and the maternal and perinatal outcome were noted. The data was analyzed to evaluate clinical outcome and drug utilization according to WHO core drug use indicators.Results: Gestational hypertension was most common among hypertensive disorders of pregnancy seen in 62/150 (41.3%) women. The most common symptom was headache (48%) while sign noted was edema (69%). A total of 66% women had preterm delivery and 42% babies weighed less than 2.5 kg. Average number of drugs per encounter was 9.7. Percentage of drugs prescribed by generic name and from essential drug list was 64% and 79% respectively. The most commonly used drugs were vitamins and minerals prescribed in 100% patients followed by antihypertensive drugs (92%). The most common antihypertensive used were calcium channel blockers and anticonvulsant was magnesium sulphate.Conclusions: There was increased maternal and perinatal morbidity and operative intervention among pregnant women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Most of the drugs were used appropriately and were in accordance with standard guidelines. The important problems identified were inappropriate use of antimicrobials, use of sublingual nifedipine and use of brand names in 1/4th of prescriptions.

Serum lipid profile in non-polycystic ovary syndrome and polycystic ovary syndrome women: a comparative and correlational study

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), in addition to impaired ovulation, also affects metabolic pathways. Dyslipidemia, occurring in PCOS women leads to cardiovascular diseases in them. The purpose of the present study was to compare lipid profile and its correlation with biochemical and hormonal parameters in PCOS and non PCOS women, to analyse the correlation of lipid profile with hirsutism and body mass index (BMI) in PCOS women.Methods: The present study includes 68 women divided into non PCOS groups (n=30) and PCOS (n=38) as defined by Rotterdam criteria. PCOS group further divided into overweight / obese (n=23) and normal weight subgroups (n=15). Lipid profile, fasting blood glucose and hormonal profile were done in all the groups.Results: TG and TC/HDL ratio were significantly high in PCOS group. Hirsute patients had raised LDL levels as compared to non-hirsute. LDL showed positive significant correlation with insulin, HOMA, testosterone in PCOS group. TC was significantly positively correlated with insulin and HOMA in PCOS group. In both normal weight and overweight / obese PCOS subgroups, LDL had positive and significant correlation with testosterone. TC showed positive and significant correlation with HOMA in overweight/obese subgroup. HDL showed positive and highly significant correlation with FSH in normal weight PCOS.Conclusions: Hyperandrogenism in PCOS may be additionally marked by raised LDL. Overweight/obese PCOS subgroup may be prone to dyslipidemia as well as deranged glucose homeostasis, thereby making it an important therapeutic target

Cenomanian-Turonian sea-level transgression and OAE2 deposition in the Western Narmada Basin, India

We report the Narmada Seaway began in India during the largest global sea-level transgression and Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 (OAE2) δ¹³C excursion during the late Cenomanian to early Turonian. The transgression progressed eastward during the Turonian-Coniacian and reached Jhilmili by the end of the Maastrichtian. During this time the Narmada and Godavari Seaways may have joined via the Narmada-Tapti rift and formed a Trans-India Seaway. The history of this major seaway is entombed in a fossil-rich marine transgression of the tectonically active Narmada rift zone. We examined this transgression in the western Narmada Basin, Gujarat, to improve age control based on planktic foraminifera and ostracods and evaluate paleoenvironmental changes based on the Cenomanian-Turonian OAE2 δ¹³C excursion, δ¹⁸O records, and mercury concentrations in sediments as index for volcanic eruptions. Results reveal the onset of the OAE2 δ¹³C excursion began in the western Narmada Basin during the late Cenomanian coeval with the sea-level transgression and first influx of planktic and benthic foraminifera in the Nimar Sandstone that overlies Archean rocks. The OAE2 δ¹³C excursion peak was recorded in oyster biostromes followed by fluctuating values of the δ¹³C plateau in the overlying Limestone with oysters beds, and gradual decrease to background values by the early Turonian. We tested the age of the transgression and δ¹³C excursion based on planktic foraminifera and ostracod biostratigraphy and successfully compared the results with the Pueblo, Colorado, Global Section and Stratotype Point (GSSP), and the eastern Sinai Wadi El Ghaib section of Egypt