Borrowing, resource transfers, and external shocks to developing countries : historical and counterfactual

Since the late 1970's the buildup and servicing of external debt has dominated the economic situation in many developing countries. This paper gathers some statistical evidence on the magnitude of lending and repayment and on the question of whether repayment reduces the resources available for development. The evidence largely confirms commonly held beliefs. Although most debtor countries have made net transfers of resources to creditors, middle-income countries that have not had to reschedule their debts have averaged smaller net transfers than those that did reschedule. Adverse changes in terms of trade since 1978 accounted for most of the debt buildup in many non-oil developing countries. The mostly favorable terms of trade for oil exporters, on the other hand, gave them large gains that could have more than covered the losses of the oil importing developing countries. Heavy borrowing by oil exporters during favorable times seems to have been a major factor in precipitating the debt crisis. Since the debt crisis, the highly indebted countries have greatly increased their official borrowing. Increased official lending might help the resource balance and domestic investment of lower-income countries more than those of middle-income countries with high commercial debts.Environmental Economics&Policies,Economic Theory&Research,Banks&Banking Reform,Strategic Debt Management,Financial Intermediation

The effect of demographic changes on saving for life cycle motives in developing countries

If developing countries follow the same paths that industrialized countries have followed, saving for retirement will initially become more important as the population growth rate declines. To calculate the potential importance of life-cycle savings (saving for retirement), the paper presents a simulation model that translates demographic projections into savings-rate projections. It simulated aggregate rates for life-cycle savings for Brazil, China, Korea, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan and Turkey. The savings rates increase 5 or 6 percentage points when the last baby boomers enter the work force and begin to save after their children leave home. The effect on life-cycle savings is dramatic; the effect on total savings rates which are often three or four times as high, is not. Simulated life-cycle savings rates peak at an absolute 10 percent or less in all cases. The patterns of these projections seem robust with regard to assumptions about productivity growth, interest rates, and age-specific participation in the labor force.Banks&Banking Reform,Environmental Economics&Policies,Economic Theory&Research,Health Monitoring&Evaluation,Inequality

Statements of Interest: Addendum to the Testimony of 9 To 5, the National Association of Working Women, et al. Before the Commission on the Future of Worker-Management Relations

Addendum_Lichtman_et_al_040694.pdf: 179 downloads, before Oct. 1, 2020

HOW CAREGIVERS EXPERIENCE READING ALOUD TO CHILDREN IN KINDERGARTEN THROUGH SECOND GRADE: AN INTERPRETATIVE PHENOMENOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

According to Hudson, Koh, Moore, and Binks-Cantrell, (2020), The National Assessment of Educational Progress’s (NAEP) 2019 testing data revealed that 32% of U.S. fourth-grade students are reading below basic levels. This issue calls for interventions to increase reading achievement levels for elementary students. One way to accomplish this is to increase studies regarding what motivates caregivers to read to children. This present study examines how caregivers perceived the at-home read-aloud experience for children in primary grades: kindergarten through second grade. This study employed Bandura’s observational theory. The study consisted of a qualitative interpretative phenomenological analysis of 20 caregivers of students from kindergarten through second grade. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews of the caregivers. The data were coded and interpreted to connect themes. The findings will help guide future read aloud interventions

Chance v. BP Chemical, Inc.: Changing Ohio\u27s Perception of Stigma Damages

An increased public awareness of environmental hazards has filled the courts with plaintiffs seeking damages for the potential harm a contaminant may cause. Typically, the principle of damages is a simple one, requiring only that some type of harm or injury has occurred. When no such injury has occurred, plaintiffs still pursue claims under the theory of “stigma damages.” However, the majority of courts have held that stigma damages alone cannot be recovered, and instead, actual physical impact is required before a court will award damages. Ohio courts had previously reached conflicting conclusions on the issue of stigma damages. Recently however, in Chance v. BP Chem., Inc., the Ohio Supreme Court held that it will not permit plaintiffs to rely on allegations of stigma. This case walks through the Chance opinion in Parts II-V. Part VI discusses some other Ohio stigma cases. Parts VII and VIII then look at the potential impacts of the Chance decision on public policy and it’s general reach

Comprehensive academic undergraduate advising services: One university\u27s successful model

This qualitative study examined the emerging field of comprehensive academic advising programs (CAAPs). The purpose of this study is to describe a successful CAAP in-depth at one public four-year higher education institution. The research specifically investigated strategies the CAAP uses with the aim of increasing retention rates, and level of CAAP embeddedness into institutional culture. Findings indicated that the CAAP was successful at embedding the CAAP in to the surface and middle layers of the culture. Good academic advising was recognized as an essential element of the effective CAAP across participant groups. Slightly divergent results concerning other CAAP elements indicated that a committed Dean, a decentralized advising model, departmental advising, professional and/or faculty advisors, collaboration, and providing resources and rewards for advising, were considered vital elements of a CAAP to certain participant groups. Specific strategies were identified as: using an advising hold, identifying at-risk students, connecting a student to a specific school or college, focusing on career development, embedding the CAAP in to the curriculum, parallel programs, and good course scheduling. The primary conclusions and recommendations included: a centralized advising center for undecided/exploratory students only, a decentralized advising model, more professional development for faculty advisors, rewarding advising and incorporating it in to the evaluation process, collaboration across the University, and making the CAAP more visible and valued

Chance v. BP Chemical, Inc.: Changing Ohio\u27s Perception of Stigma Damages

An increased public awareness of environmental hazards has filled the courts with plaintiffs seeking damages for the potential harm a contaminant may cause. Typically, the principle of damages is a simple one, requiring only that some type of harm or injury has occurred. When no such injury has occurred, plaintiffs still pursue claims under the theory of “stigma damages.” However, the majority of courts have held that stigma damages alone cannot be recovered, and instead, actual physical impact is required before a court will award damages. Ohio courts had previously reached conflicting conclusions on the issue of stigma damages. Recently however, in Chance v. BP Chem., Inc., the Ohio Supreme Court held that it will not permit plaintiffs to rely on allegations of stigma. This case walks through the Chance opinion in Parts II-V. Part VI discusses some other Ohio stigma cases. Parts VII and VIII then look at the potential impacts of the Chance decision on public policy and it’s general reach

An examination of social workers\u27 and other therapists\u27 use of transference and countertransference as therapeutic tools in couples counselling within the psychoanalytic paradigm

The purpose of this study is to increase knowledge about therapeutic practices on the part of practitioners; specifically, the study asked social workers and other types of therapists who see couples about their awareness of, acknowledgment of, attitude toward, understanding of, and use of the psychoanalytic model and of the concepts of transference and countertransference, and to demonstrate to what extent they accurately comprehend the meaning and potential use of these concepts in their clinical practice. A survey/questionnaire was mailed to a large sample of social workers and other therapists in Ontario, and provided 941 responses. An included vignette gave respondents the opportunity to put their theoretical knowledge into clinical application. Responses were assessed through scoring on key indices of awareness of, acknowledgment of, understanding of, attitude toward, and use of transference and countertransference. This study provided evidence of a deficiency in these indices and in the use of the psychoanalytic model on the part of practitioners who treat couples. Only 6.1% of these respondents selected the psychoanalytic paradigm as their first choice in treating couples. Few couples counsellors considered transference and/or countertransference as key issues in assessment. (Of these practitioners, only 7.5% gave at least one accurate example). Results from this study revealed a significant disparity between practitioners\u27 theoretical knowledge and their practical application. A linear model was employed to identify predictors of application/use of transference and countertransference. The most important predictor was respondents\u27 perception of the psychoanalytic model in terms of its usefulness in treating the couple presented in the vignette. The object relations model was used to help explicate the findings of this study. Implications of this study included the need for further training of practitioners in order to increase their theoretical knowledge and clinical skills concerning use of the psychoanalytic paradigm and of the concepts of transference and countertransference

High tunnel production of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris l.) in a High Latitude location

Thesis (M.S.) University of Alaska Fairbanks, 2006.Fairbanks, Alaska (lat. 64°49’N) has a short, variable growing season which necessitates alternative growing techniques for reliable vegetable production. Air and soil temperatures, relative humidity, light penetration, and management requirements were evaluated for a double bay high tunnel [15.8 m wide × 3.7 m high × 14.6 m long]. Mean air temperature was 0.5 °C and soil 1.2 °C higher in the high tunnel than the adjacent field, but differences varied with ventilation and heating practices. Yield and growth characteristics of lettuce (Lactuca sativa: ‘Paris Island cos’ and ‘Two Star’) and snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.: ‘Concesa’ and ‘Provider’) were evaluated. Lettuce was frost hardy in the open field, prone to bolting in the high tunnel, and in general did not benefit from the high tunnel environment, except in quality due to cleanliness. ‘Concesa’ produced significantly more in the high tunnel compared with the field (P < 0.005). ‘Provider’, produced more in the high tunnel in 2006 compared to the field, but differences were not statistically significant over two seasons. The perceived benefits of high tunnel production included protection from frost, wind, pest, and rain, improved yields depending on crop and cultivar, and decreased weed emergence and moisture accumulation.Signature Page -- Title Page : Abstract -- Table of Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- List of Appendices : Page -- Acknowledgements -- Chapter 1 General Introduction : Summary ; High Tunnels ; Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) ; Snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) ; Literature Cited -- Chapter 2 Northern Field Production of Leaf and Romaine Lettuce using a High Tunnel : Summary ; Introduction ; Materials and Methods ; Results and Discussion ; Literature Cited -- Chapter 3 High Tunnels Improved Snap Bean Production in Alaska : Summary ; Introduction ; Materials and Methods ; Results and Discussion ; Literature Cited -- Chapter 4 General Conclusion : Summary ; High Tunnel Use and Research in the United States ; High Tunnel Production of Warm Season Crops ; High Tunnel Management ; Soil Fertility ; High Tunnel Advantages over Low Tunnels ; High Tunnel Operating Costs ; Concluding Remarks ; Literature Cite