Multi-tier Loyalty Programs to Stimulate Customer Engagement

Customers differ in their purchase behavior, profitability, attitude toward the firm, and so on. These differences between customers have led to numerous firms introducing multi-tier loyalty programs. A multi-tier loyalty program explicitly distinguishes between customers by means of hierarchical tiers (e.g. Silver, Gold, Platinum) and assigns customers to different tiers based on their past purchase behavior. Next, customers in different tiers are provided varying levels of tangible rewards and intangible benefits, which are potentially powerful instruments to stimulate customer engagement. In this chapter, we focus on the design and effectiveness of such multi-tier loyalty programs. Building on loyalty program and customer prioritization research, we discuss whether, why, and how multi-tier loyalty programs are effective (or not) in influencing customer behavior, thereby enhancing customer engagement and financial performance

From tribute to taxpaying: the changes in the understanding of private property in Denmark circa 1000–1250

The focus of the paper is about how the concept of property and the possession of land changed in Denmark from c. 1000 to 1250. Until the mid of the twelfth century, we are mostly depending of the archaeological material and the few narrative sources, and they give an impression of a system where various persons could have rights and claims to the same landed property – the farmer who cultivated it, the local lord who had a right to tribute, and his lord – the king. This system was challenged when the Church was established in the eleventh and twelfth century and started to get large donations. The Church claimed full property right the donated land, something that lead to conflicts, and one response was the introduction if written laws with firm rules about transfer of landed property and ownership. The introduction of firm rules did not mean that kinsmen stopped questioning donations or sales of land to ecclesiastical institutions in the thirteenth century, but rather that the conflicts were legalised