An Innovative Technique of Liquid Purity Analysis and Its Application to Analysis of Water Concentration in Alcohol-Water Mixtures and Studies on Change of Activation Energies of the Mixtures

The activation energy of a liquid molecule and hence its viscosity coefficient changes with addition of contaminants to the original liquid. This forms the basis of a new technology for analysis of purity of the liquid. We discovered that concentration of certain contaminants such as water in alcohol or vice versa can be uniquely and accurately determined in a short time (about 10-15 minutes) using a simple and yet innovative technique that only requires measurement of time of flow of the impure liquid (say, water-alcohol mixture) and distilled water through a simple viscometer designed and constructed for this purpose. We find that the viscosity coefficient μ of alcohol increased almost linearly with water concentration at a rate that depends on the type of alcohol and water concentration. We determined the increase of activation energy of alcohol molecules with increase of water concentration. This increase also depends on type of alcohol. Our detailed investigation on alcohol-water mixtures for both ethyl and methyl alcohol along with discussion on possible future potential application of such a simple, yet very reliable inexpensive technique for liquid purity analysis is presented. A comparison is made of our present method with other methods on the accuracies, problems and reliability of impurity analysis. A part of the quantum theory of viscosity of liquid mixtures that is in the developmental stage in order to explain some of the observed properties is presented

Dependence of temperature variation of the Jahn-Teller potential well splitting and phase transition temperature in CuxZn1-xTiF6.6H2O crystals on Cu2+ ion concentration, x

The energy Eo by which one of the three Jahn-Teller potential wells becomes lower than the other two in Cu2+:ZnTiF6.6H2O single crystal at phase transition temperature, Tcl are determined at temperatures below Tcl for different Cu2+ concentrations from the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra. As the sample is cooled, it is found that for high Cu2+ concentration, Eo increases below Tcl at a rate much slower than that for low concentration and over a much broader temperature range. With the increase of Cu2+ concentration, Tcl is found to decrease significantly. These findings appear to have a bearing on the monoclinic distortion that proceeds in this system below Tcl. Qualitative explanation of the decrease of Tcl with Cu2+ impurity concentration is presented. Eo is negligibly small for Cu2+ concentrations above certain limits means that the barrier height is also vanishing for such Cu2+ concentrations that is, phase transition of host lattice ceases. This is likely the reason for nonexistence of phase transition in some compounds like CuTiF6.6H2O and ZnSiF6.6H2O belonging to the same class with ZnTiF6.6H2O

EPR STUDIES OF THE HAMILTONIAN PARAMETERS OF THE SIMULTANEOUS AXIAL AND ORTHORHOMBIC JAHN-TELLER SPECTRA OF Cu2+ IN Cd2(NH4)2(SO4)3 SINGLE CRYSTALS AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES

This paper presents the study of the effective Hamiltonian parameters (g1, g2, A1, A2) and the observed g and A tensors of the derivative axial and orthorhombic Jahn- Teller EPR spectra of Cu2+ in Cd2(NH4)2(SO4)3 single crystals at different temperatures. The variations of these parameters with temperature in the three mutually perpendicular planes of the crystal confirm axial symmetry for T>Tc and orthorhombic symmetry for T<Tc in this system. The simultaneous axial and anisotropic symmetries of the spectra owe their origin to the behaviour of Cu2+ ions in the three JT potential wells because they can undergo reorientation from one well to another or quantum tunnelling among them which depends on temperature, burial height or thickness and energy of the ions. The results show that the components of the activation energy and Fermi-contact parameter increase with temperature while the decrease of the anisotropy parameter (u) is more than it compensates for the slight increase in the effective Hamiltonian parameters g1 and g2 with temperature

White light tunable emissions from ZnS: Eu3+ nanophosphors over 330–465nm excitation range for white LED applications

(ZnS: Eu3+ -CMC) nanophosphors of cubic (zinc blende) structure were synthesized using a precipitation technique with doping concentrations of Eu3+ ions 1 mol% and 5 mol%. The crystal sizes were 2.56 nmand 2.91 nmrespectively. Annealing at 300 °Cin a sulfur-rich atmosphere altered the crystal size to 4.35 nmand 3.65 nmrespectively and the band gap from 4.2 eV to 3.76 eV and 3.81 eV respectively. The as-synthesized samples gave pure orange-red emission when excited at wavelengths of 394 nmand 465 nm. After thermal annealing of the samples, a broad emission band in the blue-green region assigned to defect related states emerged or were enhanced. Also enhanced were the emission lines of Eu3+ ions in the orange-red region. A combination of these two transitions gave white light of different shades (recorded on the CIE 1931 chromaticity diagram) from cool white through day-light to warm white light, depending on Eu3+ concentration and the excitation wavelengths (UV-330 to blue 465 nm), thus showing great potential of these nano-phosphors in the generation of high quality white light

Neutrino masses along with fermion mass hierarchy

Recently a new mechanism has been proposed to cure the problem of fermion mass hierarchy in the Standard Model (SM) model. In this scenario, all SM charged fermions other than top quark arise from higher dimensional operators involving the SM Higgs field. This model also predicted some interesting phenomenology of the Higgs boson. We generalize this model to accommodate neutrino masses (Dirac & Majorana) and also obtain the mixing pattern in the leptonic sector. To generate neutrino masses, we add extra three right handed neutrinos $(N_{iR})$ in this model.Comment: 20 pages, the content on results and phenomenology have been expanded, a new section on UV completion of the model has been added and also some new references, this version has been accepted by Physical Review

2nd Zonal Workshop on Fisheries and Aquaculture Policy: Ecosystem and Livelihood Perspectives in East Coast States

2nd Zonal Workshop on Fisheries and Aquaculture Policy: Ecosystem and Livelihood Perspectives in East Coast States Andhra Pradesh, Andaman & Nikobar Islands, Orissa. Pondichery, Tamilnadu and West Bengal Hyderabad 22-24 March, 2007 (CIFE, MUMBAI

Unusual Charged Higgs Signals at LEP-2

We have made a detailed study of the signals produced at LEP-2 from charged scalar bosons whose dominant decay channels are into four fermions. The event rates as well as kinematics of the final states are discussed when such scalars are either pair-produced or are generated through a tree-level interaction involving a charged scalar, the W and the Z. The backgrounds in both cases are discussed. We also suggest the possibility of reconstructing the mass of such a scalar at LEP-2.Comment: 12 pages, LateX, 9 Postscript figures, uses eps

Structural, optical and electronic properties of homoepitaxial GaN nanowalls grown on GaN template by laser molecular beam epitaxy

We have grown homoepitaxial GaN nanowall networks on GaN template using an ultra-high vacuum laser assisted molecular beam epitaxy system by ablating solid GaN target under a constant r.f. nitrogen plasma ambient. The effect of laser repetition rate in the range of 10 to 30 Hz on the structural properties of the GaN nanostructures has been studied using high resolution X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The variation of the laser repetition rate affected the tip width and pore size of the nanowall networks. The z-profile Raman spectroscopy measurements revealed the GaN nanowall network retained the same strain present in the GaN template. The optical properties of these GaN nanowall networks have been studied using photoluminescence and ultrafast spectroscopy and an enhancement of optical band gap has been observed for the nanowalls having a tip width of 10-15 nm due to the quantum carrier confinement effect at the wall edges. The electronic structure of the GaN nanowall networks has been studied using X-ray photoemission spectroscopy and it has been compared to the GaN template. The calculated Ga/N ratio is largest (similar to 2) for the GaN nanowall network grown at 30 Hz. Surface band bending decreases for the nanowall network with the lowest tip width. The homoepitaxial growth of porous GaN nanowall networks holds promise for the design of nitride based sensor devices

Iron-Group and Amorphous Alloys: Promising Electrocatalysts For Alkaline Her - A Review

The drive for efficient and sustainable hydrogen production has prompted research into creating more effective electro-catalysts. By carefully synthesizing metal composite/alloy films through various deposition techniques, it\u27s possible to fine-tune their electro-catalytic characteristics. This review explores the development and properties of promising electrocatalysts, particularly those based on iron-group elements (iron, nickel, or cobalt). Amorphous alloys, with their unique combination of electrochemical, mechanical, and corrosion-resistant properties, have attracted significant research interest. The review highlights molybdenum and phosphorus as especially effective elements for creating amorphous alloys, focusing on their co-deposition technique. Additionally, other metal groups like pure metals and rare-earth elements in alloyed composite forms are discussed. Finally, the review emphasizes the use of electrodeposition methods for preparing these alloys, particularly relevant for applications in the chlor-alkali industry