A survey of cherry leaf roll virus in intensively managed grafted english (Persian) walnut trees in Italy

Blackline disease, caused by Cherry leaf roll virus (CLRV), is considered a serious threat limiting English walnut (Juglans regia) production in Italy and the EU if walnut species other than J. regia e.g. \u2018Paradox\u2019 hybrid (J. regia 7 J. hindsii), French hybrid (J. regia 7 J. major or J. regia 7 J. nigra) or northern California black walnut (J. hindsii) are used as the rootstock. The virus transmissibility by pollen as well as latent infections can result in the spread of CLRVcontaminated propagative material, which is a major means of the virus dispersal by human activities. In 2014 and 2015 to ascertain the presence and the distribution of blackline symptoms in commercial orchards and to provide a description of the symptomatology, visual inspections and double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) analyses were carried out on 1,684 walnut trees in four different intensively managed grafted English walnut orchards in northeast Italy (Veneto Region). Trees with clear blackline symptoms at the scion-rootstock junction, often associated with general decline of the plant, were found only in one commercial orchard in northeast Italy on trees older than ten years of cvs. \u2018Tulare\u2019 and \u2018Chandler\u2019, grafted onto \u2018Paradox\u2019 rootstock. To our knowledge this is the first report of CLRV (blackline) decline and death in a commercial walnut orchard in Italy

Patterns in high-frequency FX data: Discovery of 12 empirical scaling laws

We have discovered 12 independent new empirical scaling laws in foreign exchange data-series that hold for close to three orders of magnitude and across 13 currency exchange rates. Our statistical analysis crucially depends on an event-based approach that measures the relationship between different types of events. The scaling laws give an accurate estimation of the length of the price-curve coastline, which turns out to be surprisingly long. The new laws substantially extend the catalogue of stylised facts and sharply constrain the space of possible theoretical explanations of the market mechanisms.Comment: 26 pages, 3 figures, 23 tables,2nd version (text made more concise and readable, algorithm pseudocode, results unchanged), 5-year datasets (USD-JPY, EUR-USD) provided at http://www.olsen.ch/more/datasets

Adaptation of the C4 grass Panicum maximum to defoliation is related to plasticity of N uptake, mobilisation and allocation patterns.

Dry mass production and persistence of Panicum maximum pastures depends on nitrogen supply. Defoliation influences N uptake and allocation patterns yet its effects on plasticity of N dynamics in P. maximum have not been investigated. Stable isotopes of N (15N) were used in order to test the hypothesis that defoliation in terms of proportion of the leaf area removed effects N mobilisation, uptake and allocation patterns in P. maximum. The plants were initially cut weekly to a height of either 0.15 m or 0.30 m for seven weeks. Eight weeks after the first defoliation, all plants were defoliated for a final time to remove 0, 25, 50, 75 or 100 % of the area of each individual leaf blade of the main tiller. Root N uptake was reduced when all leaf area was removed, but more lenient defoliation improved N uptake due to a positive effect on specific N uptake. Young leaves, side tillers and roots were the main sinks for N from root uptake. Roots of P. maximum became a net source of N for mobilisation immediately after severe defoliation. Root uptake was the main source of N for new growth in P. maximum plants. Allocation pattern of mobilised N was different from that of N derived from root uptake. It was concluded that adaptation of P. maximum to defoliation is related to plasticity of N uptake, mobilisation and allocation, but changes in N dynamics did not offset negative impacts of complete defoliation of the plants

Economic Impact of the Transportation Research Center Inc. on Central Ohio and the State Of Ohio

A recognized leader in transportation research and innovation since 1974, the Transportation Research Center Inc. (TRC), with its 4,500-acre testing facility and expert technical team, created more than $127 million total in economic output in 2019 and supported over 670 total jobs with almost$36 million in wages and benefits throughout Ohio, the study determined. Testing and research on behalf of TRC clients, including many of the world’s leading automotive manufacturers and systems innovators, generated more than $1.3 million in taxes to local government entities,$1.3 million to the state government and $2.3 million to the federal government. An additional$67.5 million in economic activity in the state was generated from 2011-2019 through multiple construction projects that expanded facilities on TRC’s campus

Sources of N Used for Growth Following Defoliation in \u3cem\u3ePanicum Maximum\u3c/em\u3e\u3csup\u3e1\u3c/sup\u3e

The nitrogen (N) supplied to growing leaves from root uptake and mobilisation from senescing tissues may be reduced following defoliation. However, morphological adaptation of the shoot to prior defoliation occurs (Matthew et al., 2002), which may affect the potential N supply from remaining leaves. This study determined the degree to which plants of Panicum maximum utilised current root uptake and mobilisation to supply N to growing leaves and side tillers following defoliation

Melnikov theory to all orders and Puiseux series for subharmonic solutions

We study the problem of subharmonic bifurcations for analytic systems in the plane with perturbations depending periodically on time, in the case in which we only assume that the subharmonic Melnikov function has at least one zero. If the order of zero is odd, then there is always at least one subharmonic solution, whereas if the order is even in general other conditions have to be assumed to guarantee the existence of subharmonic solutions. Even when such solutions exist, in general they are not analytic in the perturbation parameter. We show that they are analytic in a fractional power of the perturbation parameter. To obtain a fully constructive algorithm which allows us not only to prove existence but also to obtain bounds on the radius of analyticity and to approximate the solutions within any fixed accuracy, we need further assumptions. The method we use to construct the solution -- when this is possible -- is based on a combination of the Newton-Puiseux algorithm and the tree formalism. This leads to a graphical representation of the solution in terms of diagrams. Finally, if the subharmonic Melnikov function is identically zero, we show that it is possible to introduce higher order generalisations, for which the same kind of analysis can be carried out.Comment: 30 pages, 6 figure

Short-Term Study on \u3csup\u3e13\u3c/sup\u3eCarbon Discrimination on Irrigated Tropical Pasture

A better understanding of pasture ecosystem can be obtained through the use of 13C discrimination technique. In this context, an experiment, assigned in a randomized complete block design with four replicates, was conducted to evaluate the Δ 13C (‰) discrimination, nitrogen (N) yield (kg N ha-¹), total nitrogen content (g kg dry matter (DM)-¹) and dry matter yield (kg DM ha-¹) on an irrigated Tanzania grass pasture (Panicum maximum, Jacq.) receiving increasing rates (0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 kg N ha-¹ cut-¹) of N fertilizer during the summer. Dry matter yield, N yield and nitrogen concentration increased quadratically with increasing levels of N fertilizer (P \u3c 0.05). On the other hand, Δ values tended to decrease linearly with increasing levels of N fertilizer (P \u3e 0.05). Besides that, negative and significant correlations (P \u3c 0.05) were evident between either Δ values and dry matter yield (R = -0,4807) and D values and N yield (R = -0,5245). Overall results allow to establish the following conclusions: 1) at lower N fertilizer inputs tropical pastures tended to show higher discrimination against 13C though this effect might be associated with lower N concentrations in plant tissue that, in turn, might add inefficiency to the C4 photosynthetic pathway and 2) lower dry matter and N yields were associated with higher 13C discrimination values. Conversely, higher dry matter and N yields were associated to lower 13C discrimination values

From stem cells to bone-forming cells

Bone formation starts near the end of the embryonic stage of development and continues throughout life during bone modeling and growth, remodeling, and when needed, regeneration. Bone-forming cells, traditionally termed osteoblasts, produce, assemble, and control the mineralization of the type I collagen-enriched bone matrix while participating in the regulation of other cell processes, such as osteoclastogenesis, and metabolic activities, such as phosphate homeostasis. Osteoblasts are generated by different cohorts of skeletal stem cells that arise from different embryonic specifications, which operate in the pre-natal and/or adult skeleton under the control of multiple regulators. In this review, we briefly define the cellular identity and function of osteoblasts and discuss the main populations of osteoprogenitor cells identified to date. We also provide examples of long-known and recently recognized regulatory pathways and mechanisms involved in the specification of the osteogenic lineage, as assessed by studies on mice models and human genetic skeletal diseases