Significance Arithmetic for Fortran

Significance tracing arithmetic for Fortra

New Bluegrass Variety Kenblue

The production of certified seed of Kenblue, a new Kentucky-grown bluegrass, may start this fall. It will be the first time a Kentucky-grown bluegrass of what the scientists call known origin is available to farmers and home owners. It will be much more desirable for Kentucky use than the other standard varieties such as Merion, Delta, or Newport. All of these are considered good varieties, but not under Kentucky conditions. These are more susceptible to diseases than the new variety, Kenblue

Agronomy Notes, no. 35

The following table gives the effect of clipping and fertilization treatments on clean seed yields of tall fescue. Seed yield figures are averages of four replications and five years\u27 data

Practices to Increase Grass Seed Yields Ky. 31 Fescue, Orchardgrass and Ky. Bluegrass

Grass seed is a specialized crop in Kentucky. High per acre seed yields can be obtained by using the following suggestions that are made from research findings by the University of Kentucky Agronomy Department

1987 Update of Agronomic Performance of Tall Fescue Varieties

Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea, Schreb.) is a well adapted, widely used pasture species occupying approximately 5.5 million acres in Kentucky and 35 million acres in the south central United States. Commercial tall fescue varieties have been developed from plant materials of either northern European or Mediterranean origin. Varieties developed at the University of Kentucky -- Kentucky 31, Kenmont, Kenwell, Kenhy, and Johnstone -- trace to plant materials of northern European origin. The Kentucky varieties have later maturity dates and have greater resistance to certain foliar diseases during summer than varieties that are of Mediterranean origin (i.e., Alta, Fawn, Goar, and AU-Triumph) when grown under environmental conditions and management regimes prevailing in Kentucky. Varieties of Mediterranean origin have excellent ear1y spring and late fall growth when foliar diseases are not a problem. Foliar diseases, however, may cause them to be of inferior quality and to make poor growth during the summer. Generally, in Kentucky, tall fescue is used for hay and for pasture in spring, summer and fall. Agronomic research data indicate that varieties of northern European origin are superior to varieties of Mediterranean origin for forage purposes in Kentucky

Secondary Chromosomal Attachment Site and Tandem Integration of the Mobilizable Salmonella Genomic Island 1

The Salmonella genomic island 1 is an integrative mobilizable element (IME) originally identified in epidemic multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) DT104. SGI1 contains a complex integron, which confers various multidrug resistance phenotypes due to its genetic plasticity. Previous studies have shown that SGI1 integrates site-specifically into the S. enterica, Escherichia coli, or Proteus mirabilis chromosome at the 3′ end of thdF gene (attB site)

Performance of Tall Fescue Varieties

The objective of the tall fescue breeding program is the development of varieties characterized by superior nutritive value (including reduced contents of perloline and loline alkaloids and the fungal endophyte, Epichloe typhina), palatability, disease resistance, and adaptation through the utilization of intergeneric and interspecific hybrid derivatives of ryegrass and tall fescue species. Varieties previously released from the breeding program were, Kentucky 31, Kenwell, and Kenhy. Johnstone tall fescue, developed cooperatively by the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station and USDA-ARS, was released March 1, 1982, as,a new variety. Johnstone is characterized as having low levels of perloline alkaloid and the fungal endophyte, Epichloe typhina, and improved forage quality during summer. It is expected that seed of Johnstone will be available commercially during 1984 or 1985

Regulation of Type IV Pili Contributes to Surface Behaviors of Historical and Epidemic Strains of Clostridium difficile

ABSTRACT The intestinal pathogen Clostridium difficile is an urgent public health threat that causes antibiotic-associated diarrhea and is a leading cause of fatal nosocomial infections in the United States. C. difficile rates of recurrence and mortality have increased in recent years due to the emergence of so-called “hypervirulent” epidemic strains. A great deal of the basic biology of C. difficile has not been characterized. Recent findings that flagellar motility, toxin synthesis, and type IV pilus (TFP) formation are regulated by cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP) reveal the importance of this second messenger for C. difficile gene regulation. However, the function(s) of TFP in C. difficile remains largely unknown. Here, we examine TFP-dependent phenotypes and the role of c-di-GMP in controlling TFP production in the historical 630 and epidemic R20291 strains of C. difficile . We demonstrate that TFP contribute to C. difficile biofilm formation in both strains, but with a more prominent role in R20291. Moreover, we report that R20291 is capable of TFP-dependent surface motility, which has not previously been described in C. difficile . The expression and regulation of the pilA1 pilin gene differs between R20291 and 630, which may underlie the observed differences in TFP-mediated phenotypes. The differences in pilA1 expression are attributable to greater promoter-driven transcription in R20291. In addition, R20291, but not 630, upregulates c-di-GMP levels during surface-associated growth, suggesting that the bacterium senses its substratum. The differential regulation of surface behaviors in historical and epidemic C. difficile strains may contribute to the different infection outcomes presented by these strains. IMPORTANCE How Clostridium difficile establishes and maintains colonization of the host bowel is poorly understood. Surface behaviors of C. difficile are likely relevant during infection, representing possible interactions between the bacterium and the intestinal environment. Pili mediate bacterial interactions with various surfaces and contribute to the virulence of many pathogens. We report that type IV pili (TFP) contribute to biofilm formation by C. difficile . TFP are also required for surface motility, which has not previously been demonstrated for C. difficile . Furthermore, an epidemic-associated C. difficile strain showed higher pilin gene expression and greater dependence on TFP for biofilm production and surface motility. Differences in TFP regulation and their effects on surface behaviors may contribute to increased virulence in recent epidemic strains

The self-assessment INTERMED predicts healthcare and social costs of orthopaedic trauma patients with persistent impairments.

To use the self-assessment INTERMED questionnaire to determine the relationship between biopsychosocial complexity and healthcare and social costs of patients after orthopaedic trauma. Secondary prospective analysis based on the validation study cohort of the self-assessment INTERMED questionnaire. Inpatients orthopaedic rehabilitation with vocational aspects. In total, 136 patients with chronic pain and impairments were included in this study: mean (SD) age, 42.6 (10.7) years; 116 men, with moderate pain intensity (51/100); suffering from upper (n = 55), lower-limb (n = 51) or spine (n = 30) pain after orthopaedic trauma; with minor or moderate injury severity (severe injury for 25). Biopsychosocial complexity, assessed with the self-assessment INTERMED questionnaire, and other confounding variables collected prospectively during rehabilitation. Outcome measures (healthcare costs, loss of wage costs and time for fitness-to-work) were collected through insurance files after case settlements. Linear multiple regression models adjusted for age, gender, pain, trauma severity, education and employment contract were performed to measure the influence of biopsychosocial complexity on the three outcome variables. High-cost patients were older (+3.6 years) and more anxious (9.0 vs 7.3 points at HADS-A), came later to rehabilitation (+105 days), and showed higher biopsychosocial complexity (+3.2 points). After adjustment, biopsychosocial complexity was significantly associated with healthcare (ß = 0.02; P = 0.003; exp <sup>ß</sup> = 1.02) and social costs (ß = 0.03; P = 0.006, exp <sup>ß</sup> = 1.03) and duration before fitness-to-work (ß = 0.04; P < 0.001, exp <sup>ß</sup> = 1.04). Biopsychosocial complexity assessed with the self-assessment INTERMED questionnaire is associated with higher healthcare and social costs