The Hague Evidence Convention Revisited: Reflections on Its Role in U.S. Civil Procedure

A reworking of the basic terms of the Hague Evidence Convention is proposed. Under current law, US courts typically do not employ the Convention\u27s evidence-taking mechanisms when ordering discovery from either a litigant or a witness subject to the court\u27s subpoena power

Quasinormal modes, quantized black holes, and correspondence principle

Contrary to the wide-spread belief, the correspondence principle does not dictate any relation between the asymptotics of quasinormal modes and the spectrum of quantized black holes. Moreover, this belief is in conflict with simple physical arguments.Comment: 2 pages; a new argument adde

Quantization and simulation of Born-Infeld non-linear electrodynamics on a lattice

Born-Infeld non-linear electrodynamics arises naturally as a field theory description of the dynamics of strings and branes. Most analyses of this theory have been limited to studying it as a classical field theory. We quantize this theory on a Euclidean 4-dimensional space-time lattice and determine its properties using Monte-Carlo simulations. The electromagnetic field around a static point charge is measured using Luscher-Weisz methods to overcome the sign problem associated with the introduction of this charge. The D field appears identical to that of Maxwell QED. However, the E field is enhanced by quantum fluctuations, while still showing the short distance screening observed in the classical theory. In addition, whereas for the classical theory, the screening increases without bound as the non-linearity increases, the quantum theory approaches a limiting conformal field theory.Comment: 24 pages, 10 figures. Latex with postscript figure

Localized low-frequency Neumann modes in 2d-systems with rough boundaries

We compute the relative localization volumes of the vibrational eigenmodes in two-dimensional systems with a regular body but irregular boundaries under Dirichlet and under Neumann boundary conditions. We find that localized states are rare under Dirichlet boundary conditions but very common in the Neumann case. In order to explain this difference, we utilize the fact that under Neumann conditions the integral of the amplitudes, carried out over the whole system area is zero. We discuss, how this condition leads to many localized states in the low-frequency regime and show by numerical simulations, how the number of the localized states and their localization volumes vary with the boundary roughness.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figure

Wavefront and ray-density plots using seventh-order matrices

The optimization of an optical system benefits greatly from a study of its aberrations and an identification of each of its elements' contribution to the overall aberration figures. The matrix formalism developed by one of the authors was the object of a previous paper and allows the expression of image-space coordinates as high-order polynomials of object-space coordinates. In this paper we approach the question of aberrations, both through the evaluation of the wavefront evolution along the system and its departure from the ideal spherical shape and the use of ray density plots. Using seventh-order matrix modeling, we can calculate the optical path between any two points of a ray as it travels along the optical system and we define the wavefront as the locus of the points with any given optical path; the results are presented on the form of traces of the wavefront on the tangential plane, although the formalism would also permit sagital plane plots. Ray density plots are obtained by actual derivation of the seventh-order polynomials.Comment: 15 pages, 5 figure

The New York Convention: A Self-Executing Treaty

The thesis of this Article is that uncertainty regarding the Convention’s status as a self-executing treaty of the United States is unwarranted and unfortunate. Instead, both the Convention’s provisions for recognition and enforcement of arbitration agreements (in Article II) and of arbitral awards (in Articles III, IV, V, and VI) should be regarded as self-executing and directly applicable in U.S. (and other national) courts. As discussed in detail below, this is because Article II establishes mandatory, complete, and comprehensive substantive rules, directed specifically to national courts, for the recognition and enforcement of international arbitration agreements. Likewise, the history and purposes of the Convention, the language and legislative history of Chapter 2 of the Federal Arbitration Act (the “FAA” or “Act”), and the practices of other Contracting States support the conclusion that Article II is directly applicable in American courts

Efficient fluorescence collection from trapped ions with an integrated spherical mirror

Efficient collection of fluorescence from trapped ions is crucial for quantum optics and quantum computing applications, specifically, for qubit state detection and in generating single photons for ion-photon and remote ion entanglement. In a typical setup, only a few per cent of ion fluorescence is intercepted by the aperture of the imaging optics. We employ a simple metallic spherical mirror integrated with a linear Paul ion trap to achieve photon collection efficiency of at least 10% from a single Ba$^+$ ion. An aspheric corrector is used to reduce the aberrations caused by the mirror and achieve high image quality.Comment: 5 pages and 4 figure

Superconductivity in Boron under pressure - why are the measured Tc_c's so low?

Using the full potential linear muffin-tin orbitals (FP-LMTO) method we examine the pressure-dependence of superconductivity in the two metallic phases of Boron: bct and fcc. Linear response calculations are carried out to examine the phonon frequencies and electron-phonon coupling for various lattice parameters, and superconducting transition temperatures are obtained from the Eliashberg equation. In both bct and fcc phases the superconducting transition temperature T$_c$ is found to decrease with increasing pressure, due to stiffening of phonons with an accompanying decrease in electron-phonon coupling. This is in contrast to a recent report, where T$_c$ is found to increase with pressure. Even more drastic is the difference between the measured T$_c$, in the range 4-11 K, and the calculated values for both bct and fcc phases, in the range 60-100 K. The calculation reveals that the transition from the fcc to bct phase, as a result of increasing volume or decreasing pressure, is caused by the softening of the X-point transverse phonons. This phonon softening also causes large electron-phonon coupling for high volumes in the fcc phase, resulting in coupling constants in excess of 2.5 and T$_c$ nearing 100 K. We discuss possible causes as to why the experiment might have revealed T$_c$'s much lower than what is suggested by the present study. The main assertion of this paper is that the possibility of high T$_c$, in excess of 50 K, in high pressure pure metallic phases of boron cannot be ruled out, thus substantiating the need for further experimental investigations of the superconducting properties of high pressure pure phases of boron.Comment: 16 pages, 8 figures, 1 Tabl

Asymptotic Search for Ground States of SU(2) Matrix Theory

We introduce a complete set of gauge-invariant variables and a generalized Born-Oppenheimer formulation to search for normalizable zero-energy asymptotic solutions of the Schrodinger equation of SU(2) matrix theory. The asymptotic method gives only ground state candidates, which must be further tested for global stability. Our results include a set of such ground state candidates, including one state which is a singlet under spin(9).Comment: 51 page

Non-diffracting Optical Beams in a Three-level Raman System

Diffractionless propagation of optical beams through atomic vapors is investigated. The atoms in the vapor are operated in a three-level Raman configuration. A suitably chosen control beam couples to one of the transitions, and thereby creates a spatially varying index of refraction modulation in the warm atomic vapor for a probe beam which couples to the other transition in the atoms. We show that a Laguerre-Gaussian control beam allows to propagate single Gaussian probe field modes as well as multi-Gaussian modes and non-Gaussian modes over macroscopic distances without diffraction. This opens perspectives for the propagation of arbitrary images through warm atomic vapors.Comment: 8 pages, 7 figure