679 research outputs found
Phase-matched extreme-ultraviolet frequency-comb generation
Laser-driven high-order harmonic generation (HHG) provides tabletop sources
of broadband extreme-ultraviolet (XUV) light with excellent spatial and
temporal coherence. These sources are typically operated at low repetition
rates, 100 kHz, where phase-matched frequency conversion into
the XUV is readily achieved. However, there are many applications that demand
the improved counting statistics or frequency-comb precision afforded by
operation at high repetition rates, > 10 MHz. Unfortunately, at such
high , phase matching is prevented by the accumulated steady-state
plasma in the generation volume, setting stringent limitations on the XUV
average power. Here, we use gas mixtures at high temperatures as the generation
medium to increase the translational velocity of the gas, thereby reducing the
steady-state plasma in the laser focus. This allows phase-matched XUV emission
inside a femtosecond enhancement cavity at a repetition rate of 77 MHz,
enabling a record generated power of 2 mW in a single harmonic order.
This power scaling opens up many demanding applications, including XUV
frequency-comb spectroscopy of few-electron atoms and ions for precision tests
of fundamental physical laws and constants.Comment: 9 pages, 4 figure
A new method of measuring Forbush decreases
Forbush decreases (FDs) are short-term depressions in the galactic cosmic ray
flux and one of the common signatures of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) in the
heliosphere. They often show a two-step profile, the second one associated with
the CMEs magnetic structure (flux rope, FR), which can be described by the
recently developed model ForbMod. The aim of this study is to utilise ForbMod
to develop a best-fit procedure to be applied on FR-related FDs as a convenient
measurement tool. We develop a best-fit procedure that can be applied to a data
series from an arbitrary detector. Thus, the basic procedure facilitates
measurement estimation of the magnitude of the FR-related FD, with the
possibility of being adapted for the energy response of a specific detector for
a more advanced analysis. The non-linear fitting was performed by calculating
all possible ForbMod curves constrained within the FR borders to the designated
dataset and minimising the mean square error (MSE). In order to evaluate the
performance of the ForbMod best-fit procedure, we used synthetic measurements
produced by calculating the theoretical ForbMod curve for a specific example
CME and then applying various effects to the data to mimic the imperfection of
the real measurements. We also tested the ForbMod best-fit function on the real
data, measured by detector F of the SOHO-EPHIN instrument on a sample
containing 30 events, all of which have a distinct FD corresponding to the CMEs
magnetic structure. Overall, we find that the ForbMod best-fit procedure
performs similar to the traditional algorithm-based observational method, but
with slightly smaller values for the FD amplitude, as it is taking into account
the noise in the data. Furthermore, we find that the best-fit procedure has an
advantage compared to the traditional method as it can estimate the FD
amplitude even when there is a data gap at the onset of the FD.Comment: 14 pages, 10 figures, A&
Haem Accessibility in Monomeric Haemoglobins of Glycera dibranchiata and Petromyzon marinus, a Proton Magnetic Relaxation Study
The temperature dependence of the longitudinal magnetic
relaxation rates of water protons in solutions of differently liganded
monomeric haemoglobins from Petromyzon marinus (fraction V) and
Glycera dibranchiata (fraction III) was measured. The results were
compared with horse and bovine myoglobins and interpreted according
to the model of chemical exchange of water molecules. This
exchange takes place between a site within the haem-pocket (but
non-identical to the sixth-ligand position) and the bulk of the
solvent.
Aquomethaemoglobin from Glycera dibranchiata only slightly
enhances the relaxation rates of water protons between O 0c and
40 °c and pH between 5.85 and 7.0. This finding is compatible with
tight protein packing around the distal side of the haem.
In the solutions of aquomethaemoglobin from Petromyzon
marinus up to 30 °c, the solvent-proton relaxation rates are determined
by the rate of chemical exchange of water molecules. At
higher temperatures the fast exchange mechanism takes place, an
effect not observed in solutions of horse and bovine myoglobins.
The distance of closest approach of water protons to the ferric ion
of Petromyzon haemoglobin is at least 0.3 A longer than in mammalian
myoglobins.
Binding of fluoride to the ferric haem-irons of all the haemoglobins
examined thus far enhances the proton relaxation rates
relative to their aquomet forms, while in their nitrosyl complexes
slightly lower rates were measured. These data indicate the sensitivity
of the protein structure to the nature of the sixth ligand.
The accessibility of the unpaired electron(s) in all the haemoglobins
examined is in the order: NO-< aquomet- < fluoromet-forms.
From our previous and present data and from that found in
literature, a scale of accessibilities of the ferric haem-irons for the
exchangeable water molecules is compiled
Hepatic Cytochrome P-450. A Proton Magnetic Relaxation Study of Microsomal, Solubilized and Partially Reconstituted Enzyme System
The longitudiJ:ial proton magnetic relaxation times, Ti, were
measured from -5 to 40 °c for microsomal, solubilized and reconstituted
cytochrome P-450 obtained from phenobarbital-induced rat
livers. The paramagnetic contribution to the rates was derived by
subtraction of the rates measured on dithionite-CO-reduced samples.
The same values were obtained for microsomal P-450 on
reduction with NADPH. PMR titratio.n by KCN yielded a dissociation
constant of about 30 mM. This is three orders of magnitude larger
than for metmyoglobin. It is concluded that the measured PMR
rates are most likely due to the P-450 (and P-420) haem-iron while
the 300/o non-haem iron found in both the microsomal and s olubilized
P-450 is .ineffective for the PMR rates. These rates increase
several times on isotopic dilution (D20 for H20) with the microsomes
and diminish for the solubilized samples. Microsomes show 170/o
residual, encaged, H20. Most of their paramagnetic PMR rate is due
to the parama.gnetic iron located on the outside of microsomes.
This is demonstrated by measurements with deuterated samples to
which 190/o H20 had been added. Hence, the solubilized P-450 is
homogeneous regarding PMR, but the microsomes are not
Phorbol-Ester Mediated Suppression of hASH1 Synthesis: Multiple Ways to Keep the Level Down
Human achaete-scute homolog-1 (hASH1), encoded by the human ASCL1 gene, belongs to the family of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors. hASH1 and its mammalian homolog Mash1 are expressed in the central and peripheral nervous system during development, and promote early neuronal differentiation. Furthermore, hASH1 is involved in the specification of neuronal subtype identities. Misexpression of the transcription factor is correlated with a variety of tumors, including lung cancer and neuroendocrine tumors. To gain insights into the molecular mechanisms of hASH1 regulation, we screened for conditions causing changes in hASH1 gene expression rate. We found that treatment of human neuroblastoma-derived Kelly cells with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) resulted in a fast, strong and long-lasting suppression of hASH1 synthesis. Reporter gene assays with constructs, in which the luciferase activity was controlled either by the ASCL1 promoter or by the hASH1 mRNA untranslated regions (UTRs), revealed a mainly UTR-dependent mechanism. The hASH1 promoter activity was decreased only after 48 h of PMA administration. Our data indicate that different mechanisms acting consecutively at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional level are responsible for hASH1 suppression after PMA treatment. We provide evidence that short term inhibition of hASH1 synthesis is attributed to hASH1 mRNA destabilization, which seems to depend mainly on protein kinase C activity. Under prolonged conditions (48 h), hASH1 suppression is mediated by decreased promoter activity and inhibition of mRNA translation
A Proton Magnetic Relaxation Study of tpe Interaction between Methaemoglobin and Inositol Hexaphosphate
Inositol hexaphosphate is the strongest allosteric effector
even for the metform of haemoglobin. Its effects upon the
quaternary structure of the tetramer have been studied in relation
to the overall conformational state(s) of the haem-pockets in
aqueous solutions of human haemoglobins. The method useci,
proton magnetic relaxation, yields information about the accessibility
of solvent pl.\u27otons towards the haem-iron. No differences
in the relaxation rates were detected by this method between the
unstripped carbonmonoxyhaemoglobin and the phosphate-stripped
sample in the presence and absence of IHP. There are considerable
changes in those relaxation rate·s due to the paramagnetic
haem-iron of aquomethaemoglobin when IHP is added to the
stripped adult haemoglobin, but none is observed for the foetal
haemoglobin, although a similar shift in the spin-state equilibrium
ts expected for both haemoglobins on addition of ,!HP.
Neither was there any change with IHP in solutions of adult
fluoromethaemoglobin. It is concluded thart there is no tightening
of the haem-pockets upon addition of IHP to solutions of any
of the three haemoglobin samples. An increase in the accessibility
of the haem-pockets is probable only for the aquometfom1 of
the adult haemoglobin. It is suggested that the structural aspect
of ligand affinity, i.e. the haem-pocket conformation, is not as
decisive in altering the affinity by IHP as is possibly the change
in the haem-iron spin-state induced by !HP-binding
Exile Vol. XXXII No. 1
ARTWORK
Red and White by Karen Koch (cover)
Vicissitudes I by Claudia H. Donegan 1
Untitled (\u2784} by Kok Fooi Yong 11
Lines by Don Jacobs 15
Vicissitudes II by Claudia H. Donegan 19
Waltham, Boston, Winter of \u2784 by Kok Fooi Yong 25
Statue You by Claudia H. Donegan 29
Museum Sketch by Deanna Lynne Bridgeforth 41
FICTION
Sheba by Theresa Copeland 4-9
Was There Really Someone in the Kitchen With Dinah? by Susan Hanlon 21-24
What Do You Say Liza Blue? by Joan R. DeWitt 32-40
POETRY
Ode by Jeff Masten 3
Misdemeanor by Karen J. Hall 10
Aimee and Kate by Jennifer Miller 13
Bound by Betsy Oster 14
Drawing by Reid Benes 17
Great-Grandfather by Debra Benko 18
Grammy Hayes and the Infamous Beaver by Jennifer Miller 27
Seabed by Judson B. Curry 28
Gentleman\u27s Quarterly (anonymous) 31
CONTRIBUTOR NOTES 43
Editors share equally all editorial decisions -ii
Special thanks to Susan Moran and Elizabeth Wright -i
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