14 research outputs found

    Organic residue analysis shows sub-regional patterns in the use of pottery by Northern European hunterā€“gatherers

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    The introduction of pottery vessels to Europe has long been seen as closely linked with the spread of agriculture and pastoralism from the Near East. The adoption of pottery technology by hunterā€“gatherers in Northern and Eastern Europe does not fit this paradigm, and its role within these communities is so far unresolved. To investigate the motivations for hunterā€“gatherer pottery use, here, we present the systematic analysis of the contents of 528 early vessels from the Baltic Sea region, mostly dating to the late 6thā€“5th millennium cal BC, using molecular and isotopic characterization techniques. The results demonstrate clear sub-regional trends in the use of ceramics by hunterā€“gatherers; aquatic resources in the Eastern Baltic, non-ruminant animal fats in the Southeastern Baltic, and a more variable use, including ruminant animal products, in the Western Baltic, potentially including dairy. We found surprisingly little evidence for the use of ceramics for non-culinary activities, such as the production of resins. We attribute the emergence of these subregional cuisines to the diffusion of new culinary ideas afforded by the adoption of pottery, e.g. cooking and combining foods, but culturally contextualized and influenced by traditional practices

    Setting a baseline for global urban virome surveillance in sewage

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    The rapid development of megacities, and their growing connectedness across the world is becoming a distinct driver for emerging disease outbreaks. Early detection of unusual disease emergence and spread should therefore include such cities as part of risk-based surveillance. A catch-all metagenomic sequencing approach of urban sewage could potentially provide an unbiased insight into the dynamics of viral pathogens circulating in a community irrespective of access to care, a potential which already has been proven for the surveillance of poliovirus. Here, we present a detailed characterization of sewage viromes from a snapshot of 81 high density urban areas across the globe, including in-depth assessment of potential biases, as a proof of concept for catch-all viral pathogen surveillance. We show the ability to detect a wide range of viruses and geographical and seasonal differences for specific viral groups. Our findings offer a cross-sectional baseline for further research in viral surveillance from urban sewage samples and place previous studies in a global perspective

    Sārnate: living by a coastal lake during the East Baltic Neolithic

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    Abstract This study is a re-analysis of the material from the wetland settlement of Sārnate, excavated between 1938 and 1959 by Eduards Å turms and LÅ«cija Vankina. The site, dated to the Neolithic of the East Baltic, is located on a former lakeshore in the littoral belt of the Kurzeme Peninsula, western Latvia. First, the many separate dwelling assemblages of material were arranged into three major groups on the basis of their pottery: dwellings with Comb Ware (undated), dwellings with Early Sārnate Ware (c. 4365ā€“3780 kal ekr.) and dwellings with Late Sārnate Ware (c. 3630ā€“2850 kal ekr.). The Comb Ware from Sārnate represents a heterogeneous and poorly-preserved corpus. Early and Late Sārnate Ware are seen as belonging to a tradition of shell-tempered, low-fired vessels that served mainly as cooking pots. Ceramic bowls, represented in Late Sārnate Ware, are interpreted as fat-burning lamps. The dwellings with Early and Late Sārnate Ware have produced a range of net fishing gear, as well as components of eel clamps and fish-screens. The houses of the Early and Late Sārnate Ware groups were quite substantial post-built structures, but not true pile dwellings. The hearths consisted of a bed of sand, with a substructure of timber and bark. Experimental work suggests that food was cooked by standing the pointed base of the pot in the sand of the hearth and building up the fire around it. Spatial analysis of the structural remains and artefact distributions in the best-preserved dwellings with Late Sārnate Ware, aligned with their long axes perpendicular to the former shoreline, revealed the concentration at one end of the hearth of tools and refuse connected with activities relating mainly to food processing, i.e. a ā€˜kitchen areaā€™. For the Early and Late Sārnate phases, we can reconstruct the basic settlement-subsistence pattern, characterised by utilisation of a diverse range of subsistence resources, mainly those of the eutrophic lagoonal lakes, and a semi-sedentary or sedentary pattern of life, with a permanent occupation at Sārnate. A similar mode of subsistence and settlement was probably practiced at other lagoonal lakes along the East Baltic coast.TiivistelmƤ Tutkimuksessa analysoidaan uudelleen Eduard Sturmsin ja Lucija Vankinan vuosina 1938ā€“1959 kaivaman Sarnaten suoasuinpaikan materiaali. ItƤ-Baltian neolitikumiin ajoittuva asuinpaikka sijaitsee muinaisen jƤrven rannalla Kurzemen niemen rantavyƶhykkeellƤ Latvian lƤnsiosassa. Useista erillisistƤ asumuksista kerƤtty materiaali jƤrjestettiin kolmeen pƤƤryhmƤƤn niissƤ esiintyvƤn keramiikan perusteella: asumukset joissa esiintyi kampakeramiikkaa (ajoittamatonta), asumukset joissa oli varhaista Sarnaten keramiikkaa (n. 4365 ā€“3780 kal ekr.) ja asumukset joissa oli myƶhƤistƤ Sarnaten keramiikkaa (n. 3630 ā€“2850 kal ekr.). Sarnaten kampakeramiikka on heterogeenistƤ ja huonosti sƤilynyttƤ. Varhaisen ja myƶhƤisen Sarnaten keramiikan arvioidaan kuuluvan simpukankuorisekoitteisten, matalapolttoisten astioiden traditioon. NƤitƤ astioita kƤytettiin etupƤƤssƤ keittoastioina. MyƶhƤisen Sarnate-keramiikan keramiikkakulhot on tulkittu rasvaa polttaviksi lampuiksi. Varhaisen ja myƶhƤisen Sarnate-keramiikan asuinpaikoilta on lƶydetty kalastusverkkoja sekƤ ankeriaankalastusvƤlineen ja liistekatiskan osia. Varhaisen ja myƶhƤisen Sarnate-keramiikan piiriin kuuluvat talot olivat melko kookkaita paaluille pystytettyjƤ rakennelmia, mutta eivƤt varsinaisia paaluasumuksia. Liedet muodostuivat hiekkakerroksesta, jossa oli puusta ja kaarnasta tehty rakennelma. Kokeiden perusteella arvellaan, ettƤ ruoka valmistettiin asettamalla astian terƤvƤ pohja lieden hiekka-alustalle ja polttamalla tulta astian ympƤrillƤ. Parhaiten sƤilyneiden myƶhƤistƤ Sarnate-keramiikkaa edustavien, pitkƤ akseli kohtisuorassa muinaiseen rantaviivaan nƤhden olevien asumusten rakenteiden ja esineiden spatiaalinen analyysi paljasti etupƤƤssƤ ruuan valmistamiseen liittyviin toimintoihin yhdistettƤvien tyƶkalujen ja jƤtteiden keskittyvƤn lieden toiseen pƤƤhƤn, toisin sanoen ā€keittiƶƶn ā€. Varhaiselle ja myƶhƤiselle Sarnate-vaiheelle voidaan rekonstruoida asutus- ja elinkeinomalli, jolle on ominaista erilaisten, pƤƤasiassa eutrofisten laguunien, toimeentuloresurssien hyvƤksikƤyttƶ sekƤ puolipysyvƤ tai pysyvƤ elintapa Sarnaten ollessa jatkuvasti asutettu. Samankaltaisia elinkeinoja ja asutusta harjoitettiin todennƤkƶisesti muillakin laguuneilla ItƤ-Baltian rannikolla.Kopsavilkums Darbā no jauna izanalizēts materiāls, kas iegÅ«ts starp 1938. un 1959. gadu Eduarda Å turma un LÅ«cijas Vankinas vadÄ«tajos izrakumos Sārnates mitrzemes apmetnē. Apmetne attiecināma uz Austrumbaltijas neolÄ«ta laiku. Tā atrodas Rietumlatvijā, Kurzemes pussalas piejÅ«ras joslā, senezera krastā. Kolekciju veido materiāls no daudzām atseviÅ”kuras vispirms apvienotas trijās galvenajās grupās, vadoties pēc keramikas rakstura: mÄ«tnes ar Ä·emmes un bedrÄ«Å”u keramiku (nav datētas), mÄ«tnes ar agro Sārnates tipa keramiku (ap 4365ā€“3780 kal. g. pr. Kr.) un mÄ«tnes ar vēlo Sārnates tipa keramiku (ap 3630ā€“2850 kal. g. pr. Kr.). Sārnates apmetnē iegÅ«tā Ä·emmes un bedrÄ«Å”u keramika ir neviendabÄ«ga, turklāt slikti saglabājusies. Savukārt agrā un vēlā Sārnates tipa keramika pieskaitāma keramikas tradÄ«cijai, kuras raksturÄ«gās iezÄ«mes ir māla masas liesināŔana ar gliemežvākiem un apdedzināŔana zemā temperatÅ«rā. Māla trauki izmantoti galvenokārt vārÄ«Å”anai. Māla bļodiņas, kas pārstāvētas vēlajā Sārnates tipa keramikā, uzskatāmas par tauku lampiņām. MÄ«tnēs ar agro un vēlo Sārnates tipa keramiku iegÅ«ti dažāda veida zvejas tÄ«klu piederumi, kā arÄ« zuÅ”u žebērkļu un zvejas aizsprostu sastāvdaļas. Agrās un vēlās Sārnates tipa keramikas darinātāji cēluÅ”i samērā fundamentālas konstrukcijas stabu celtnes. Nav pamata tās uzskatÄ«t par pāļu bÅ«vēm. MÄ«tnēm raksturÄ«gi smilÅ”u pavardi, kuru pamatā ir koku un mizu konstrukcija. Pēc arheoloÄ£isko eksperimentu rezultātiem secināts, ka vārāmo trauku nedaudz iedziļināja pavarda smiltÄ«s un uguni kÅ«ra ap to. PievērÅ”ot uzmanÄ«bu mÄ«tnēm ar vislabāk saglabājuÅ”os materiālu, kas orientētas ar garenasi perpendikulāri senajai krasta lÄ«nijai, analizēta konstruktÄ«vo palieku un senlietu planigrāfija. Å Ä«m mÄ«tnēm vienā pavarda galā konstatēta galvenokārt ar pārtikas gatavoÅ”anu saistÄ«tu rÄ«ku un atkritumu koncentrācija (t.s. virtuves zona). No mÄ«tnēm ar agro un vēlo Sārnates keramiku iegÅ«tais materiāls ļauj pamatvilcienos rekonstruēt iedzÄ«votāju saimniecÄ«bu. Izmantota daudzveidÄ«ga pārtikas resursu bāze, bet Ä«paÅ”i nozÄ«mÄ«gi bijuÅ”i resursi, kas iegÅ«stami no eitrofajiem lagÅ«nu ezeriem. Sārnates apmetne bijusi apdzÄ«vota cauru gadu, tās iedzÄ«votāji piekopuÅ”i daļēju vai pilnÄ«gu vietsēdÄ«bu. LÄ«dzÄ«gs dzÄ«vesveids, domājams, bijis lagÅ«nu ezeru krastos mÄ«toŔām kopienām arÄ« citviet Austrumbaltijas piekrastes joslā
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