Life on the Ottoman Border: Essays in Honour of Nenad Moačanin

The articles written by friends, colleagues, former students, and one current doctoral student collected in this celebratory volume dedicated to the doyen of Ottoman studies in Croatia, Professor Nenad Moačanin, are divided into three main chapters entitled “Ottoman Bosnia, Turkish Croatia, and Turkey in Europe,” “Distant Borders and Regions,” and “Glimpses Beyond the Ottoman Border: Habsburg Croatia and the Republic of Dubrovnik.” The first section consists of the articles predominantly dedicated to the main fields of interests of Nenad Moačanin, namely social and economic history of the Ottoman Empire, with special focus on Ottoman Bosnia, the Balkans and Central Europe, as well as the Ottoman borderland in Croatia. The second section entitled “Distant Borders and Regions” brings three articles which are geographically remote from the Western Balkans and Central Europe, such as Crimea, Syria, and Palestine, but nevertheless fit well into the conception of the volume by offering a possibility for comparison of distant regions. The third section “Glimpses Beyond the Ottoman Border: Habsburg Croatia and the Republic of Dubrovnik” contains five articles which provide an important insight into the situation on “the other side.” The volume also includes a biographical overview of Professor Moačanin’s scientific and educational career at the beginning, and the bibliography at the end of the volume .The articles written by friends, colleagues, former students, and one current doctoral student collected in this celebratory volume dedicated to the doyen of Ottoman studies in Croatia, Professor Nenad Moačanin, are divided into three main chapters entitled “Ottoman Bosnia, Turkish Croatia, and Turkey in Europe,” “Distant Borders and Regions,” and “Glimpses Beyond the Ottoman Border: Habsburg Croatia and the Republic of Dubrovnik.” The first section consists of the articles predominantly dedicated to the main fields of interests of Nenad Moačanin, namely social and economic history of the Ottoman Empire, with special focus on Ottoman Bosnia, the Balkans and Central Europe, as well as the Ottoman borderland in Croatia. The second section entitled “Distant Borders and Regions” brings three articles which are geographically remote from the Western Balkans and Central Europe, such as Crimea, Syria, and Palestine, but nevertheless fit well into the conception of the volume by offering a possibility for comparison of distant regions. The third section “Glimpses Beyond the Ottoman Border: Habsburg Croatia and the Republic of Dubrovnik” contains five articles which provide an important insight into the situation on “the other side.” The volume also includes a biographical overview of Professor Moačanin’s scientific and educational career at the beginning, and the bibliography at the end of the volume

Life on the Ottoman Border: Essays in Honour of Nenad Moačanin

The articles written by friends, colleagues, former students, and one current doctoral student collected in this celebratory volume dedicated to the doyen of Ottoman studies in Croatia, Professor Nenad Moačanin, are divided into three main chapters entitled “Ottoman Bosnia, Turkish Croatia, and Turkey in Europe,” “Distant Borders and Regions,” and “Glimpses Beyond the Ottoman Border: Habsburg Croatia and the Republic of Dubrovnik.” The first section consists of the articles predominantly dedicated to the main fields of interests of Nenad Moačanin, namely social and economic history of the Ottoman Empire, with special focus on Ottoman Bosnia, the Balkans and Central Europe, as well as the Ottoman borderland in Croatia. The second section entitled “Distant Borders and Regions” brings three articles which are geographically remote from the Western Balkans and Central Europe, such as Crimea, Syria, and Palestine, but nevertheless fit well into the conception of the volume by offering a possibility for comparison of distant regions. The third section “Glimpses Beyond the Ottoman Border: Habsburg Croatia and the Republic of Dubrovnik” contains five articles which provide an important insight into the situation on “the other side.” The volume also includes a biographical overview of Professor Moačanin’s scientific and educational career at the beginning, and the bibliography at the end of the volume .The articles written by friends, colleagues, former students, and one current doctoral student collected in this celebratory volume dedicated to the doyen of Ottoman studies in Croatia, Professor Nenad Moačanin, are divided into three main chapters entitled “Ottoman Bosnia, Turkish Croatia, and Turkey in Europe,” “Distant Borders and Regions,” and “Glimpses Beyond the Ottoman Border: Habsburg Croatia and the Republic of Dubrovnik.” The first section consists of the articles predominantly dedicated to the main fields of interests of Nenad Moačanin, namely social and economic history of the Ottoman Empire, with special focus on Ottoman Bosnia, the Balkans and Central Europe, as well as the Ottoman borderland in Croatia. The second section entitled “Distant Borders and Regions” brings three articles which are geographically remote from the Western Balkans and Central Europe, such as Crimea, Syria, and Palestine, but nevertheless fit well into the conception of the volume by offering a possibility for comparison of distant regions. The third section “Glimpses Beyond the Ottoman Border: Habsburg Croatia and the Republic of Dubrovnik” contains five articles which provide an important insight into the situation on “the other side.” The volume also includes a biographical overview of Professor Moačanin’s scientific and educational career at the beginning, and the bibliography at the end of the volume

Osmanske vojne posade u zapadnoj Slavoniji (1550. - 1680.)

This study tries to examine the Ottoman borders in Western Slavonia in both a comprehensive and comparative way by including military, socio-economic, and financial aspects of the frontier organization. Furthermore, the aim of this study is to reveal the location of the network of Ottoman fortresses and their role in defense organization in the Sancak of Zaçasna. The Ottoman defensive strategy in Western Slavonia was based on a chain of fortresses running along two long parallel lines. These lines were initially built on fortresses conquered in the region between 1536 and 1552. This strategy, on the other hand, was later reformed through the construction of new fortifications or the demolition of existing ones. The first defense line stretched from the northeast to the southwest, passing through the forts of Zdenci, Kreštelovac, Međurić, Granica, and ending in Kraljeva Velika fortress. The second line, like the first, ran from northeast to southwest, passing through the forts of Stupčanica, Dobra Kuća, Podborje, Sirač, Pakrac, and Bijela Stijena. The sancak’s center, Cernik, was well behind these two lines in a secure location. Garrison troops that were stationed in the Sancak of Zaçasna were divided into mustahfizes (members of the infantry unit in a garrison), azebs (infantry garrison soldiers), farises (cavalry), topçus (artillerymen), and martoloses (special infantry units composed mainly of Christians). Apart from martoloses, members of the aforementioned military ranks were exclusively Muslim. The number of soldiers serving in the garrisons in the sancak of Zaçasna remained relatively constant, ranging between 1.200 and 1.500 on average. The fortress construction practices, supplying food and ammunition to the garrisons, and the Ottoman financing procedures are discussed in the last chapter of the dissertation.Ova disertacija pokušava na sveobuhvatan i komparativni način istražiti osmanske granice u zapadnoj Slavoniji, uključujući vojne, socio-ekonomske i financijske aspekte pogranične organizacije. Nadalje, cilj ove disertacije je otkriti položaj mreže osmanskih tvrđava i njihovu ulogu u obrambenoj organizaciji sandžaka Začasna. Pojam Slavonije, koji se koristi u ovom djelu, ne odnosi se na srednjovjekovno nego na moderno poimanje granica Slavonije. Naime, za područje koje se danas zove Slavonija općenito se može reći da se prostire na području između rijeka Ilove, Drave, Save i Dunava, koje na području donje Drave i Save ne obuhvaća područje Srijema. Tijekom 15. stoljeća Osmanlije su osvojile istočni dio Balkanskog poluotoka. Nakon osvajanja većeg dijela Bosne i pada Beograda 1521. godine, osmanska ekspanzija bila je orijentirana prema sjeverozapadu i zapadu, odnosno srednjoj Europi kroz Ugarsku. Tako je u trećem desetljeću 16. stoljeća osmanska sjeverna granica stigla do obala rijeke Save i Dunava, a Osmanlije su se počele pripremati za proširenje svojih osvajanja na slavonsko područje koje je bilo u sastavu Ugarske države. Veći dio slavonskog područja osvojile su domaće osmanske snage iz bosanskog sandžaka i, u manjoj mjeri, domaće osmanske snage iz smederevskog sandžaka. Osmanlije su između 1536. i 1552. godine osvojile veći dio Slavonije pod vodstvom sandžakbegova iz Bosne, Smedereva i Hercegovine. Sandžak Začasna osnovan je 11. travnja 1556. u jugozapadnoj Slavoniji i Posavini. Prvo središte sandžaka bio je grad Čazma, ali kako je hrvatski i habsburški otpor to područje učinio nestabilnim, središte je prebačeno u grad Pakrac, koji je bio bolje zaštićen od habsburškog protunapada. Kasnije je središte sandžaka ponovno premješteno, zapadnije, u grad Cernik. Od 1550-ih do kraja osmanske vladavine, sandžak Začasna predstavljao je “krajnju granicu”, tj. intiha-i serhad. Sandžak Začasna bio je administrativno podređen Bosanskom ejaletu, koji se prostirao na području današnje Bosne, Dalmacije i Crne Gore. Osmanska obrambena strategija u zapadnoj Slavoniji temeljila se na lancu tvrđava koji se proteže duž dvije dugačke paralelne crte. Te su linije u početku izgrađene na tvrđavama osvojenim u regiji između 1536. i 1552. godine. Ta je strategija, s druge strane, kasnije reformirana gradnjom novih ili rušenjem postojećih utvrda. Prva obrambena linija protezala se od sjeveroistoka prema jugozapadu, prolazila je kroz utvrde Zdenci, Kreštelovac, Međurić, Granica i završavala u tvrđavi Kraljeva Velika. Druga linija je, kao i prva, išla od sjeveroistoka prema jugozapadu, prolazeći kroz utvrde Stupčanicu, Dobru Kuću, Podborje, Sirač, Pakrac i Bijelu Stijenu. Središte sandžaka, Cernik, bilo je dosta iza ove dvije linije na sigurnom mjestu. Garnizonske trupe koje su bile stacionirane u sandžaku Začasna bile su podijeljene na mustahfize (pripadnici pješačke postrojbe u garnizonu), azebe (vojnici pješačkog garnizona), farise (konjanici), topçu (topnici) i martoloze (specijalne pješačke jedinice sastavljene uglavnom kršćana). Osim martoloza, pripadnici navedenih vojnih redova bili su isključivo muslimani. Broj vojnika koji su služili u garnizonima u sandžaku Začasna ostao je relativno konstantan, u prosjeku između 1.200 i 1.500. Praksa izgradnje tvrđava, opskrba garnizonima hranom i streljivom te postupci osmanskog financiranja obrađeni su u posljednjem poglavlju disertacije

Osmanske vojne posade u zapadnoj Slavoniji (1550. - 1680.)

This study tries to examine the Ottoman borders in Western Slavonia in both a comprehensive and comparative way by including military, socio-economic, and financial aspects of the frontier organization. Furthermore, the aim of this study is to reveal the location of the network of Ottoman fortresses and their role in defense organization in the Sancak of Zaçasna. The Ottoman defensive strategy in Western Slavonia was based on a chain of fortresses running along two long parallel lines. These lines were initially built on fortresses conquered in the region between 1536 and 1552. This strategy, on the other hand, was later reformed through the construction of new fortifications or the demolition of existing ones. The first defense line stretched from the northeast to the southwest, passing through the forts of Zdenci, Kreštelovac, Međurić, Granica, and ending in Kraljeva Velika fortress. The second line, like the first, ran from northeast to southwest, passing through the forts of Stupčanica, Dobra Kuća, Podborje, Sirač, Pakrac, and Bijela Stijena. The sancak’s center, Cernik, was well behind these two lines in a secure location. Garrison troops that were stationed in the Sancak of Zaçasna were divided into mustahfizes (members of the infantry unit in a garrison), azebs (infantry garrison soldiers), farises (cavalry), topçus (artillerymen), and martoloses (special infantry units composed mainly of Christians). Apart from martoloses, members of the aforementioned military ranks were exclusively Muslim. The number of soldiers serving in the garrisons in the sancak of Zaçasna remained relatively constant, ranging between 1.200 and 1.500 on average. The fortress construction practices, supplying food and ammunition to the garrisons, and the Ottoman financing procedures are discussed in the last chapter of the dissertation.Ova disertacija pokušava na sveobuhvatan i komparativni način istražiti osmanske granice u zapadnoj Slavoniji, uključujući vojne, socio-ekonomske i financijske aspekte pogranične organizacije. Nadalje, cilj ove disertacije je otkriti položaj mreže osmanskih tvrđava i njihovu ulogu u obrambenoj organizaciji sandžaka Začasna. Pojam Slavonije, koji se koristi u ovom djelu, ne odnosi se na srednjovjekovno nego na moderno poimanje granica Slavonije. Naime, za područje koje se danas zove Slavonija općenito se može reći da se prostire na području između rijeka Ilove, Drave, Save i Dunava, koje na području donje Drave i Save ne obuhvaća područje Srijema. Tijekom 15. stoljeća Osmanlije su osvojile istočni dio Balkanskog poluotoka. Nakon osvajanja većeg dijela Bosne i pada Beograda 1521. godine, osmanska ekspanzija bila je orijentirana prema sjeverozapadu i zapadu, odnosno srednjoj Europi kroz Ugarsku. Tako je u trećem desetljeću 16. stoljeća osmanska sjeverna granica stigla do obala rijeke Save i Dunava, a Osmanlije su se počele pripremati za proširenje svojih osvajanja na slavonsko područje koje je bilo u sastavu Ugarske države. Veći dio slavonskog područja osvojile su domaće osmanske snage iz bosanskog sandžaka i, u manjoj mjeri, domaće osmanske snage iz smederevskog sandžaka. Osmanlije su između 1536. i 1552. godine osvojile veći dio Slavonije pod vodstvom sandžakbegova iz Bosne, Smedereva i Hercegovine. Sandžak Začasna osnovan je 11. travnja 1556. u jugozapadnoj Slavoniji i Posavini. Prvo središte sandžaka bio je grad Čazma, ali kako je hrvatski i habsburški otpor to područje učinio nestabilnim, središte je prebačeno u grad Pakrac, koji je bio bolje zaštićen od habsburškog protunapada. Kasnije je središte sandžaka ponovno premješteno, zapadnije, u grad Cernik. Od 1550-ih do kraja osmanske vladavine, sandžak Začasna predstavljao je “krajnju granicu”, tj. intiha-i serhad. Sandžak Začasna bio je administrativno podređen Bosanskom ejaletu, koji se prostirao na području današnje Bosne, Dalmacije i Crne Gore. Osmanska obrambena strategija u zapadnoj Slavoniji temeljila se na lancu tvrđava koji se proteže duž dvije dugačke paralelne crte. Te su linije u početku izgrađene na tvrđavama osvojenim u regiji između 1536. i 1552. godine. Ta je strategija, s druge strane, kasnije reformirana gradnjom novih ili rušenjem postojećih utvrda. Prva obrambena linija protezala se od sjeveroistoka prema jugozapadu, prolazila je kroz utvrde Zdenci, Kreštelovac, Međurić, Granica i završavala u tvrđavi Kraljeva Velika. Druga linija je, kao i prva, išla od sjeveroistoka prema jugozapadu, prolazeći kroz utvrde Stupčanicu, Dobru Kuću, Podborje, Sirač, Pakrac i Bijelu Stijenu. Središte sandžaka, Cernik, bilo je dosta iza ove dvije linije na sigurnom mjestu. Garnizonske trupe koje su bile stacionirane u sandžaku Začasna bile su podijeljene na mustahfize (pripadnici pješačke postrojbe u garnizonu), azebe (vojnici pješačkog garnizona), farise (konjanici), topçu (topnici) i martoloze (specijalne pješačke jedinice sastavljene uglavnom kršćana). Osim martoloza, pripadnici navedenih vojnih redova bili su isključivo muslimani. Broj vojnika koji su služili u garnizonima u sandžaku Začasna ostao je relativno konstantan, u prosjeku između 1.200 i 1.500. Praksa izgradnje tvrđava, opskrba garnizonima hranom i streljivom te postupci osmanskog financiranja obrađeni su u posljednjem poglavlju disertacije