38 research outputs found
Traumatic axonal injury in the spinal cord evoked by traumatic brain injury
Although it is well known that traumatic brain injury (TBI) evokes traumatic axonal injury (TAI)
within the brain, TBI-induced axonal damage in the spinal cord (SC) has been less extensively investigated.
Detection of such axonal injury in the spinal cord would further the complexity of TBI
while also challenging some functional neurobehavioral endpoints frequently used to assess recovery
in various models of TBI. To assess TAI in the spinal cord associated with TBI, we analyzed
the craniocervical junction (CCJ), cervico-thoracic (CT), and thoraco-lumber (ThL) spinal cord in
a rodent model of impact acceleration of TBI of varying severities. Rats were transcardially fixed
with aldehydes at 2, 6, and 24 h post-injury (n ďż˝ 36); each group included on sham-injured rodent.
Semi-serial vibratome sections were reacted with antibodies targeting TAI via alteration in cytoskeletal
integrity or impaired axonal transport. Consistent with previous observations in this
model, the CCJ contained numerous injured axons. Immunoreactive, damaged axonal profiles were
also detected as caudal, as the ThL spinal cord displayed morphological characteristics entirely consistent
with those described in the brainstem and the CCJ. Quantitative analyses demonstrated that
the occurrence and extent of TAI is positively associated with the impact/energy of injury and negatively
with the distance from the brainstem. These observations show that TBI can evoke TAI in
regions remote from the injury site, including the spinal cord itself. This finding is relevant to shaken
baby syndrome as well as during the analysis of data in functional recovery in various models of
TBI
The Young Male Syndrome—An Analysis of Sex, Age, Risk Taking and Mortality in Patients With Severe Traumatic Brain Injuries
Higher risk taking is particularly characteristic for males between 15 and 35 years, the age when intrasexual competition is the strongest. This fitness-maximizing strategy, however, also has negative consequences; previous data revealed that males have a significantly higher tendency to die in accidents. This retrospective study aimed to assess whether age-related risk taking, often associated with the reproductive competition between males, and referred to as the Young Male Syndrome (YMS), may play a role in the high incidence of severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) in young males. Derived from the available evidence and the main assumptions of the YMS, we expected that men, especially when they are in the age when their reproductive potential peaks, are more likely to suffer sTBI from highly risky behaviors that also lead to higher mortality. It was also expected that alcohol intoxication makes the demographic pattern of sTBI even more similar to what previous research on the YMS implies. We analyzed demographic data of patients with sTBI (N = 365) registered in a clinical database. To this end, we built Generalized Linear Mixed Models (GLMM) to reveal which of the demographic characteristics are the best predictors for risky behaviors leading to sTBI and death as a consequence of the injury. The data suggest that younger people acquired sTBI from riskier behaviors compared to members of older age groups, irrespective of their sex. Moreover, being male and being alcohol intoxicated also contributed significantly to risk-taking behavior. Mortality rate after the injury, however, increased with the age of the patient and did not depend on the riskiness of the behavior. The results indicate that the demographic distribution of the specific patient population in our focus cannot be simply explained by the YMS. However, higher incidence rates of males among the patients are in line with the core assumptions of the YMS. These data indicate that epidemiological studies should also take into consideration evolutionary theories and highlight the importance of age and sex specific prevention strategies
Caffeine-Induced Acute and Delayed Responses in Cerebral Metabolism of Control and Schizophrenia-like Wisket Rats
Recently, morphological impairments have been detected in the brain of a triple-hit rat schizophrenia model (Wisket), and delayed depressive effects of caffeine treatment in both control and Wisket animals have also been shown. The aims of this study were to determine the basal and caffeine-induced acute (30 min) and delayed (24 h) changes in the cerebral (18)fluorodeoxyglucose (F-18-FDG) uptake by positron emission tomography (PET) in control and Wisket rats. No significant differences were identified in the basal whole-brain metabolism between the two groups, and the metabolism was not modified acutely by a single intraperitoneal caffeine (20 mg/kg) injection in either group. However, one day after caffeine administration, significantly enhanced F-18-FDG uptake was detected in the whole brain and the investigated areas (hippocampus, striatum, thalamus, and hypothalamus) in the control group. Although the Wisket animals showed only moderate enhancements in the F-18-FDG uptake, significantly lower brain metabolism was observed in this group than in the caffeine-treated control group. This study highlights that the basal brain metabolism of Wisket animals was similar to control rats, and that was not influenced acutely by single caffeine treatment at the whole-brain level. Nevertheless, the distinct delayed responsiveness to this psychostimulant in Wisket model rats suggests impaired control of the cerebral metabolism
A repetitĂv transcranialis mágneses stimuláciĂł szerepe a mentális zavarok, elsĹ‘sorban a terápiarezisztens major depresszĂv zavar kezelĂ©sĂ©ben = The role of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of mental disorders, especially in treatment-resistant major depressive disorder
Absztrakt:
A repetitĂv transcranialis mágneses stimuláciĂłs eljárás egy olyan neuromoduláciĂłs
technika, melynek gyorsan fejlődő területe jelentheti az egyik biztonságos,
alternatĂv megközelĂtĂ©si mĂłdot bizonyos mentális zavarok, elsĹ‘sorban a
terápiarezisztens major depresszĂv zavar kezelĂ©sĂ©ben. CĂ©lunk a transcranialis
mágneses stimulációs kezelés jelenlegi kutatási és klinikai alkalmazási
lehetőségeinek bemutatása a szakirodalmi adatok és a klinikai gyakorlat
áttekintése alapján. Mióta ismertté vált, hogy külső mágneses forrással neuronok
depolarizálhatók, mind a neurológia, mind a pszichiátria az eljárás lehetséges
klinikai használatát kutatja. Napjainkig a módszer a pszichiátria területén
belĂĽl a major depresszĂv zavar Ă©s a kĂ©nyszeres zavar kezelĂ©sĂ©ben engedĂ©lyezett,
de egyéb betegségek (például szkizofrénia, bipoláris zavar) kezelésében is
kutatják lehetséges alkalmazását. A transcranialis mágneses stimulációs
rendszerek fejlesztésének következő lépcsőjét jelenti a
mágnesesrezonancia-felvĂ©tel alapján, helymeghatározĂł algoritmusok segĂtsĂ©gĂ©vel,
valós időben navigált mágneses stimulációs készülékek kidolgozása. Az
úgynevezett neuronavigációs rendszerek lehetővé teszik a depresszió
kialakulásáért felelĹ‘s idegi hálĂłzatok pontos cĂ©lzását, Ăgy a dorsolateralis
praefrontalis kéreg excitabilitásának fokozását a bal féltekén és csökkentését a
jobb fĂ©ltekĂ©n. Az eljárás kevĂ©s kontraindikáciĂłval bĂr, Ă©s a megfelelĹ‘
körültekintéssel választott indikáció és betegpopuláció esetén mellékhatások is
alacsony számban jelentkeznek. A transcranialis mágneses stimulációs kezelés
mára bizonyĂtottan hatĂ©kony mĂłdszerrĂ© vált bizonyos mentális zavarok, elsĹ‘sorban
a terápiarezisztens major depresszĂv zavar kezelĂ©sĂ©ben. A jövĹ‘ben a
neuronavigáciĂłs neuromoduláciĂłs kezelĂ©sek, azon belĂĽl is a repetitĂv
transcranialis mágneses stimuláciĂłs kezelĂ©s tĂ©rhĂłdĂtása várhatĂł a pszichiátria
és a neurológia területén. Jelenleg Magyarországon több centrumban is végeznek
különböző indikációkban mágneses stimulációs kezeléseket, ám az eljárás mentális
zavarokban törtĂ©nĹ‘ alkalmazásának finanszĂrozási befogadása Ă©s beĂ©pĂtĂ©se a
mindennapi klinikai gyakorlatba még várat magára. Orv Hetil. 2020; 161(1):
3–10.
|
Abstract:
The rapidly evolving field of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation as a
neuromodulational technique may mean a safe, alternative approach to the
management of several mental disorders, especially treatment-resistant major
depressive disorder. Our aim is to describe the current role of transcranial
magnetic stimulation in research and routine clinical practice, based on the
literature and clinical protocols. Since the discovery, that an outer magnetic
source can depolarize neurons, both neurology and psychiatry seek the method’s
possible clinical utility. To date, in the field of psychiatry, the method is
only approved in the treatment of major depressive disorder and
obsessive-compulsive disorder, but research continues to find application in
other mental disorders (schizophrenia, bipolar disorder), too. The next step in
the evolution of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation is based on
magnetic resonance guided, real-time navigation with the help of positioning
algorithms. The so-called neuronavigational systems make precise aiming of
neuronal circuits responsible for the development of depression, thus increasing
the excitability of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and decreasing it on
the right hemisphere. The method has few contraindications, and the occurrence
of side effects can be minimized by carefully selected patient population. For
today, transcranial magnetic stimulation became an evidence-based, effective
treatment for some mental disorders, especially treatment-resistant major
depressive disorder. It is to be assumed that in the future neuronavigational
neuromodulation techniques, including repetitive transcranial magnetic
stimulation, will be widely used in the field of psychiatry and neurology.
Magnetic stimulation is currently available in a number of centres in Hungary,
but the financial approval and the implementation of this neuromodulation method
for treating mental disorders in the everyday clinical practice are still in
progress. Orv Hetil. 2020; 161(1): 3–10
Cold thermal irrigation decreases the ipsilateral gain of the vestibulo-ocular reflex
OBJECTIVES: During head rotations, neuronal firing rates increase in ipsilateral and decrease in contralateral vestibular afferents. At low accelerations, this "push-pull mechanism" is linear. At high accelerations, however, the change of firing rates is nonlinear in that the ipsilateral increase of firing rate is larger than the contralateral decrease. This mechanism of stronger ipsilateral excitation than contralateral inhibition during high-acceleration head rotation, known as Ewald's second law, is implemented within the nonlinear pathways. The authors asked whether caloric stimulation could provide an acceleration signal high enough to influence the contribution of the nonlinear pathway to the rotational vestibulo-ocular reflex gain (rVOR gain) during head impulses.
DESIGN: Caloric warm (44°C) and cold (24, 27, and 30°C) water irrigations of the left ear were performed in 7 healthy human subjects with the lateral semicircular canals oriented approximately earth-vertical (head inclined 30° from supine) and earth-horizontal (head inclined 30° from upright).
RESULTS: With the lateral semicircular canal oriented earth-vertical, the strongest cold caloric stimulus (24°C) significantly decreased the rVOR gain during ipsilateral head impulses, while all other irrigations, irrespective of head position, had no significant effect on rVOR gains during head impulses to either side.
CONCLUSIONS: Strong caloric irrigation, which can only be achieved with cold water, reduces the rVOR gain during ipsilateral head impulses and thus demonstrates Ewald's second law in healthy subjects. This unilateral gain reduction suggests that cold-water caloric irritation shifts the set point of the nonlinear relation between head acceleration and the vestibular firing rate toward a less acceleration-sensitive zone
Traumás gerincvelősérültek rehabilitációja alsó végtagi humán exoskeletonnal
A traumás gerincvelĹ‘sĂ©rĂĽltek rehabilitáciĂłjában az elmĂşlt Ă©vtizedekben számos technolĂłgiai ĂşjĂtás jelent meg, ezek közĂĽl kiemelendĹ‘k az alsĂł vĂ©gtagi, aktĂv robotikus ortĂ©zisek, más nĂ©ven alsĂł vĂ©gtagi humán exoskeletonok. A 2000-es Ă©vek elejĂ©tĹ‘l számos klinikai kutatás indult meg ezen eszközök hatĂ©konyságának vizsgálatára, bemutatva az exoskele- tonok pozitĂv hatásait a gerincvelĹ‘-sĂ©rĂĽlĂ©st követĹ‘ szövĹ‘dmĂ©nybetegsĂ©gek prevenciĂłjában, illetve progressziĂłjuk lassĂtásában. A korábbi munkák kitĂ©rnek a fiziolĂłgiai Ă©s pszichoszociális, valamint társadalmi hatásokra is, továbbá bemutatják az esetleges kockázatokat, rizikĂłfaktorokat is. Dolgozatunkban kitekintĂ©st adunk ezen nemzetközi tanul- mányok fontosabb eredmĂ©nyeire, ismertetjĂĽk Magyarország elsĹ‘ ilyen kĂ©szĂĽlĂ©keinek (ReWalk™ P6.0) felĂ©pĂtĂ©sĂ©t Ă©s működĂ©sĂ©t, bemutatjuk a robotasszisztált rehabilitáciĂłs tevĂ©kenysĂ©g fĹ‘bb, nemzetközi szinten is használt mĂłdozata- it, valamint publikáljuk saját, nemzetközi munkákon alapulĂł vizsgálati protokollunkat, melynek alapján a PĂ©csi Tudo- mányegyetemen Ă©s az Országos Orvosi RehabilitáciĂłs IntĂ©zetben multicentrikus kontrollált klinikai vizsgálatot indĂ- tottunk. HipotĂ©zisĂĽnk, hogy a magas intenzitásĂş, exoskeletonnal kiegĂ©szĂtett komplex rehabilitáciĂłs tevĂ©kenysĂ©g mind a csontsűrűsĂ©get tekintve, mind az urogenitalis Ă©s gastrointestinalis traktusban pozitĂv változásokat idĂ©z elĹ‘, melyeket objektĂv urodinámiás Ă©s defaecatiĂłs paramĂ©terekkel ellenĹ‘rzĂĽnk. A csontok ásványianyag-tartalmának válto- zásait DEXA-val mĂ©rjĂĽk, a mentális statusra gyakorolt hatást kĂ©rdĹ‘Ăvekkel ellenĹ‘rizzĂĽk. KutatĂłmunkánk cĂ©lja, hogy a paraplegia állapotában lĂ©vĹ‘ felhasználĂłk számára validált eredmĂ©nyekkel alátámasztott, kiegĂ©szĂtĹ‘ terápiás eljárást dolgozzunk ki, illetve ajánlást adhassunk az otthoni használatra, valamint eredmĂ©nyeinkkel sikerrel csatlakozhassunk a nemzetközi szintű tudományos műhelyek munkájához
Stroke-ellátást támogató teleradiológiai hálózat a Nyugat- és Dél-Dunántúlon = Teleradiology-based stroke network in Western and Southern Transdanubia in Hungary
Ă–sszefoglalĂł. BevezetĂ©s: A stroke kezelĂ©sĂ©nek lehetĹ‘sĂ©gei az utĂłbbi Ă©vekben jelentĹ‘sen megváltoztak: a thrombolysis után bevezetĂ©sre kerĂĽlt a mechanikus thrombectomia, Ă©s a terápiás idĹ‘ablak is jelentĹ‘sen kitágult az utĂłbbi Ă©vek nagy multicentrikus tanulmányai alapján. Ezek a lehetĹ‘sĂ©gek Ăşj igĂ©nyeket fogalmaztak meg a kĂ©palkotĂł diagnosztikával szemben: az ischaemia okozta morfolĂłgiai elváltozások mellett az artĂ©riás Ă©s a kollaterális rendszer állapotát, valamint bizonyos esetekben az agy szöveti perfĂşziĂłját is szĂĽksĂ©ges meghatározni. Ezeket a komplex kiĂ©rtĂ©kelĂ©si feladatokat ma már mestersĂ©gesintelligencia-algoritmusok támogathatják, melyek a kiĂ©rtĂ©kelĂ©st pár perc alatt elvĂ©gezve segĂtenek a terápiás döntĂ©s kialakĂtásában. CĂ©lkitűzĂ©s: A DĂ©l- Ă©s a Nyugat-dunántĂşli rĂ©giĂłban hat intĂ©zmĂ©ny rĂ©szvĂ©telĂ©vel egy dedikált stroke teleradiolĂłgiai hálĂłzat kialakĂtása. MĂłdszer: A stroke-CT-kiĂ©rtĂ©kelĹ‘ szoftver Ă©s a kĂ©pkommunikáciĂł integráciĂłja, a vizsgálati protokollok technikai paramĂ©tereinek egysĂ©gesĂtĂ©se, a kiĂ©rtĂ©kelĂ©si eredmĂ©nyek teleradiolĂłgiai megjelenĂtĂ©se valĂłsult meg a hálĂłzat kialakĂtása során. EredmĂ©nyek: A hálĂłzat egysĂ©gesĂtette nemcsak a stroke-CT-protokollok beállĂtásait, de beutalási Ă©s Ă©rtĂ©kelĂ©si szempontjait is. A stroke-CT-kiĂ©rtĂ©kelĂ©sek Ă©s a mechanikus thrombectomiák száma is emelkedett az elmĂşlt egy Ă©vben. KövetkeztetĂ©s: A dedikált teleradiolĂłgiai stroke-hálĂłzat segĂtsĂ©gĂ©vel optimalizálni kĂvánjuk a rĂ©giĂł stroke-ellátását: egyrĂ©szt lehetĹ‘leg ne maradjanak ellátatlanul a thrombectomiábĂłl valĂłszĂnűleg profitálĂł betegek, másrĂ©szt ne terheljĂĽk az ellátĂłrendszert olyan esetekkel, melyekrĹ‘l a teljes dokumentáciĂł ismeretĂ©ben derĂĽl ki, hogy nem javasolt a beavatkozás. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(17): 668-675.The possibilities of cerebral stroke management have changed substantially during the last few years. Following a few multicentric studies, mechanical thrombectomy became an established method besides thrombolysis. In addition, the therapeutic window for both methods is much wider now than before. These changes described above demanded more information of CT morphological changes due to ischemia, but the condition and functionality of the arterial and collateral system, and occasionally tissue perfusion performance should also be characterized. Recently, evaluation of different computer tomographic (CT) measurements can be done using artificial intelligence based methods, which perform data analysis in a few minutes.To establish a dedicated stroke teleradiology network with artificial intelligence based image analysis in Western and Southern Transdanubia in Hungary that involves six partner institutes.Integration of automated image analysis with teleradiology software was established, and the technical parameters of examination protocols were unified. Results of stroke CT image analysis became accessible through the teleradiology network.The daily use of integrated central image analysis and image communication had a positive impact on referrals and therapeutic evaluation of stroke cases. The number of image processing and mechanical thrombectomy increased during the last year.With the help of the dedicated teleradiology stroke network, we want to optimize the stroke care in the region: on the one hand, patients who are likely to benefit from thrombectomy should not be left unattended, on the other, the health care system should not be burdened with cases, when intervention is not recommended having the complete clinical data accessed. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(17): 668-675
A Novel PARP Inhibitor L-2286 in a Rat Model of Impact Acceleration Head Injury: An Immunohistochemical and Behavioral Study
We examined the neuro/axono-protective potential of a novel poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor L-2286 in a rat impact acceleration brain injury model. Male Wistar rats (n = 70) weighing 300–350 grams were used to determine the most effective intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) dose of L-2286 administered 30 min after injury, and to test the neuroprotective effect at two time points (immediately, and 30 min after injury). The neuroprotective effect of L-2286 was tested using immunohistochemical (amyloid precursor protein and mid-sized mouse anti-neurofilament clone RMO-14.9 antibody) and behavioral tests (beam-balance, open-field and elevated plus maze). At both time-points, a 100 μg/rat dose of i.c.v. L-2286 significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the density of damaged axons in the corticospinal tract and medial longitudinal fascicle compared to controls. In the behavioral tests, treatment 30 min post-injury improved motor function, while the level of anxiety was reduced in both treatment protocols