Climate Conditions in ISO Container Shipments from Hungary to South Africa and Asia

The aim of this paper is to provide useful information about climate conditions of transcontinental shipments from Hungary and compare them to the climate profiles of conditioning standards. The climatic environments inside ISO intermodal containers carrying automotive products to three different destinations in India, China and South Africa were measured. All three recorded surveys contain temperature and relative humidity data while the containers were stored outdoors and indoors and travelled on truck, rail and ship. The measured data was analyzed and mean statistical values of daily temperature and RH shifts were determined for each route. The recorded data shows that 50 % of maximum temperature and RH shifts occurred in the EU continent. Temperature and relative humidity distribution as a function of cumulative percentages [%] of the duration of total shipping was also determined and compared to the climate profiles of conditioning standards. It shows that peak temperature and RH ranges occur mostly in the defined duration of conditioning testing time

Analysing the functions and expenses of logistics packaging systems

Two main types of the packaging systems can be distinguished in the logistic supply chains, depending on which roads the packaging spreads according to their function and their role like a device or product. Today by means of their system-organization and continuous development, the companies get into a decision dependence situation in order to getting the optimal logisticpackaging expenses. This decision situation practically means the decision mechanism between packaging systems one-way and reuseable packaging (disposable, or returnable). The study examines the theoretical function processes between these two systems, and the expense-structure which is belonging to a given systems furthermore.logistic, packaging, structure

Measuring and Analysing the Effect of Openings and Vibration on Reusable Pharmaceutical Insulated Boxes with Daily Distribution

To control the climate when temperature sensitive drugs are delivered is an essential consideration of shippers and freight forwarders. It is common practice to utilize insulated boxes. A survey was conducted to determine the properties of these daily deliveries and factors were observed that influence the climate environment of drugs during travel. These factors included opening intervals, number of openings, trip times and distances. Then the results of the survey were used to perform the recorded circumstances of distribution in laboratory tests as close to reality as possible and analyse the effect of the above-mentioned factors. During real distribution the temperature range from 2°C – 8°C was targeted. For the comparison of profiles, the static temperature profiles were also measured in the laboratory. One objective of this paper was to do a comparative performance analysis for the velocity changes of temperature between opened and not-opened procedures. A second objective was to show how to effect the vibration of temperature affects different parts of the box. The final objective was to provide packaging engineers with new information to design cost-efficient and practical reusable transportation solutions for these drugs on daily deliveries with more stopovers and openings

Recenzió Dörnyei Krisztina Rita Csomagolásmenedzsment című könyvéhez

Az általános közvélekedés szerint a csomagolás egyszerűen csak valami "zacskó", nem több. De miért tanulják meg ilyen lassan a vezetéssel foglalkozó szakemberek, hogy a termék és ellátási lánc olyan részeleme, amely nélkülözhetetlen a sikerhez? Ekkor gondolkodtam el, hogy itt az ideje elolvasni Dörnyei Krisztina Rita a menedzsmenttel foglalkozó szakemberek számára nélkülözhetetlen művét, a Csomagolásmenedzsmentet (Kossuth Kiadó, 2019)

The Effect of Creasing Lines on the Compression Strength of Adjustable Height Corrugated Boxes

Due to its high strength and low density, the corrugated fibreboard (CFB) box is one of the most popular types of packaging all over the world. This packaging device is able to fulfil a huge number of requirements of the logistic process, during the phases of handling, shipping and storage. In addition to this, corrugated packaging is easily machinable, so it is also suitable for special supply chains and products. These special needs include the requirement to fit to the inner measurements of the shipping device, e.g. the shipping container. This is particularly expected in case of less than container-load (LTL) shipments, where the shipping cost is usually based on the required area (m2) or cubic capacity (m3) of the container, so the useful filling of the shipping device is a very strong advantage. Naturally, this is easily solvable with different CFB boxes which have different heights, but this way the user needs to stock a high variety of boxes, requires a good relationship and cooperation between the parties and also a proper knowledge of product organisation in each box version. The multi-depth corrugated boxes are a suitable solution for resolving this problem. These boxes are creased at multiple intervals, so they are easily cuttable to the desired various heights. But the pre-scored lines can cause a loss of the compression strength capability of the box and thereby can lead to damages. The aim of this paper is to determine the effect of multiple creasing lines on the compression strength of the CFB box. This paper does not focus on the effect of either different creasing parameter, such as depth and width, nor on the distances between each creasing. Based on the test results, the compression strengths are decreased nearly significantly due to the additional creasing line(s)

Measuring the Creep Behaviour of Corrugated Board by Cascade and Individual Test Rig

In this paper static and quasi-static test are conducted to determine the creep behaviour of corrugated board. This study shows a possible way to take the real loads occurring in container shipping into account. The aim of the measurements is to develop a new test option, which is in keeping with the loads occurring. Two test rigs have been developed and constructed for this purpose. These make it possible to measure the creep of corrugated board extremely precisely over a longer period in the aspect of climate chamber size and relative humidity (RH) distribution in the chamber. To increase the accuracy of measurement the analysis also covers those external and internal factors, which can influence the measurement of creep rates. The results show that these influences the accuracy of creep rate measurements to a significant extent, and considerable measuring errors can occur if these are disregarded. The final aim of this study in the future is to present a climate-dependent creep behaviour model for corrugated board using speed-dependent and relatively shorter tests by cascade and individual test rigs

Identification of novel lumbricin homologues in Eisenia andrei earthworms

Lumbricin and its orthologue antimicrobial peptides were typically isolated from annelids. In this report, mRNA for lumbricin and -serendipitously- a novel lumbricin-related mRNA sequence were identified in Eisenia andrei earthworms. The determined mRNA sequences of E. andrei lumbricin and lumbricin-related peptide consist of 477 and 575 nucleotides. The precursors of proline-rich E. andrei lumbricin and the related peptide contain 63 and 59 amino acids, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis indicated close relationship with other annelid lumbricins. Highest expression of both mRNAs appeared in the proximal part of the intestine (pharynx, gizzard), while other tested organs had moderate (body wall, midgut, ovary, metanephridium, seminal vesicles, ventral nerve cord) or low (coelomocytes) levels. During ontogenesis their expression revealed continuous increase in embryos. Following 48h of in vivo Gram-positive bacteria challenge both mRNAs were significantly elevated in coelomocytes, while Gram-negative bacteria or zymosan stimulation had no detectable effects

The effect of the supply chain exerting physical stress on the microbiological status of bottled natural mineral water

Mineral water consumption increased dramatically in the last 30 years. One reason for this change lies in the changing consumer behaviour: consumers are increasingly recognizing the importance of healthy nutrition and appreciate the beneficial nutritional physiological properties of mineral water. Local mineral water harmonizes well with imported waters. Bottled mineral water may travel several hundred kilometres until it reaches consumers. In the present study, the dynamic mechanical vibration caused by transporting on public roads was simulated in laboratory vibration tests then samples were subjected to microbiological examinations in compliance with legislations currently in force. Due to this vibration, the initial microbe count increased by two orders of magnitude, while after terminating the 4-hour mechanical action it decreased gradually. Growing dynamics of microbes constituting the total germ count at 22 °C and 37 °C were almost similar

Imported Infections Versus Herd Immunity Gaps; A Didactic Demonstration of Compartment Models Through the Example of a Minor Measles Outbreak in Hungary

Introduction: In Hungary, where MMR vaccine coverage is 99%, in 2017, a minor measles epidemic started from imported cases due to two major factors – latent susceptible cohorts among the domestic population and the vicinity of measles-endemic countries. Suspended immunization activities due to the COVID-19 surge are an ominous precursor to a measles resurgence. This epidemiological demonstration is aimed at promoting a better public understanding of epidemiological data. Materials and Methods: Our previous MMR sero-epidemiological measurements (N of total measles cases = 3919, N of mumps cases = 2132, and N of rubella cases = 2132) were analyzed using open-source epidemiological data (ANTSZ) of a small-scale measles epidemic outbreak (2017, Hungary). A simplified SEIR model was applied in the analysis. Results: In case of measles, due to a cluster-specific inadequacy of IgG levels, the cumulative seropositivity ratios (measles = 89.97%) failed to reach the herd immunity threshold (HIT Measles = 92–95%). Despite the fact that 90% of overall vaccination coverage is just slightly below the HIT, unprotected individuals may pose an elevated epidemiological risk. According to the SEIR model, ≥74% of susceptible individuals are expected to get infected. Estimations based on the input data of a local epidemic may suggest an even lower effective coverage rate (80%) in certain clusters of the population. Conclusion: Serological survey-based, historical and model-computed results are in agreement. A practical demonstration of epidemiological events of the past and present may promote a higher awareness of infectious diseases. Because of the high R0 value of measles, continuous large-scale monitoring of humoral immunity levels is important