Limnologie d'un lac sentinelle dans le Haut-Arctique canadien : le lac Ward Hunt, Nunavut

Les régions arctiques sont soumises à une augmentation des températures atmosphériques de deux à trois fois plus rapide que celle de la moyenne planétaire, occasionnant une contraction rapide de la cryosphère, y compris une diminution de l’épaisseur, de l’étendue et de la durée du couvert de glace lacustre. Bien que plusieurs effets de la dégradation du couvert de glace soient documentés, peu d’observations ont été recueillies sur les lacs polaires couverts de glace pérenne. Le lac Ward Hunt, le lac le plus nordique du Canada, était jusqu’à récemment caractérisé par un couvert de glace qui a persisté au moins depuis 1953. Ce dernier s’est récemment rapidement dégradé faisant du lac Ward Hunt un lac sentinelle du réchauffement climatique dans l’Arctique. L’objectif de cette thèse était de définir la structure et le fonctionnement de ce lac comme modèle permettant de mieux comprendre la nature et les implications des changements subis par les lacs polaires ainsi que d’évaluer une série de questions et d’hypothèses concernant leurs gradients horizontaux et verticaux affectés par ces changements. Une approche spatio-temporelle a permis d’évaluer l’influence du couvert de glace sur la structure physicochimique et biologique du lac Ward Hunt. Des enregistrements à haute fréquence s’échelonnant sur 2 ans ont été obtenus à l’aide d’un mouillage installé dans la section profonde du lac Ward Hunt. Ces informations ont permis de comparer la dynamique saisonnière de température de l’eau, de fluorescence de la chlorophylle a et d’oxygène dissous entre une année où le couvert de glace a complètement fondu (2016) et une année où il a persisté (2017). La disparition du couvert de glace a provoqué un mélange, occasionnant une perte de chaleur, la température chutant de 6,5°C au fond à moins de 1°C sur toute la colonne d’eau. Le mélange a équilibré la concentration d’oxygène dissous dans l’eau (140% de saturation sous la glace) avec celle de l’air. En absence de glace, le mélange a diminué le rayonnement incident dans la colonne d’eau en remettant en suspension des sédiments et en favorisant une plus grande production de chlorophylle a telle que révélée par la fluorescence. La disparition du couvert de glace pourrait avoir stimulé la production primaire avec un maximum de fluorescence plus élevé et précoce en 2016. L’échantillonnage le long d’un transect reliant le littoral et le large a révélé deux patrons de variation des variables limnologiques physiques et biologiques, qui impliquaient un changement abrupt en marge du couvert de glace qui agissait comme démarcation entre la zone littorale et le large. Les résultats mettent en évidence le rôle écologique de l’étroite bande d’eau libre qui se forme autour du couvert de glace des lacs polaires en été (moat). Une analyse de la composition en acide gras des composantes du réseau alimentaire a permis d’identifier la source principale de nourriture pour le zooplancton des zones pélagique et littorale comme étant, respectivement, le seston et les communautés liées aux mousses. L’analyse de la structure verticale de la colonne d’eau en été a révélé que le couvert de glace, limitant les échanges directs avec l’atmosphère, favorise une stratification thermique inverse de la colonne d’eau et permet l’accumulation de chaleur malgré qu’il bloque de 40 à 60% de la lumière incidente. La radiation incidente qui atteint le fond du lac a tout de même permis la prolifération d’une luxuriante communauté benthique dont les stocks de pigments photosynthétiques étaient 10 à 100 fois supérieurs à ceux de la colonne d’eau. La stabilité de la colonne d’eau permet aussi une sursaturation d’oxygène pouvant atteindre 180% de l’équilibre atmosphérique et une accumulation de dioxyde de carbone, d’oxyde nitreux et de méthane. L’analyse optique de la colonne d’eau indique la présence de matière organique colorée qui a influencé le régime spectral de l’éclairement sous l’eau. Cette thèse apporte une vision intégrée de la structure des lacs couverts de glace pérenne au moment où ils amorcent une transition vers un couvert de glace saisonnier. Elle souligne l’importance du couvert de glace sur les variables limnologiques de la colonne d’eau en contrôlant l’éclairement disponible pour la photosynthèse et en limitant les échanges avec l’atmosphère induits par le vent, favorisant la stabilité de la colonne d’eau et l’établissement de forts gradients écologiques entre le littoral et le large.Arctic regions are experiencing increases in atmospheric temperature at rates that are two to three times faster than the global mean. A rapid contraction of the cryosphere has resulted from this warming, with a decrease in lake ice cover thickness, area and duration. Several effects of degradation of the ice cover on lakes have been documented, but there is a lack of information concerning polar lakes covered by multi-year ice. Ward Hunt Lake, Canada’s northernmost lake, was until recently characterized by a perennial ice cover that remained in place from at least 1953 onwards. This ice cover degraded rapidly in the past few years, making Ward Hunt Lake a far northern sentinel of Arctic climate change. The main objective of this thesis was to define the structure and function of this lake as a model to better understand the nature and implications of changes that polar lakes are undergoing now and in the future, and to address a series of questions and hypotheses about their horizontal and vertical gradients in the face of these changes. The influence of the ice cover on the physicochemical and biological structure of Ward Hunt Lake was evaluated with a spatiotemporal approach. A 2-year, high-frequency record was obtained with a mooring installed in the deepest point of Ward Hunt Lake. This allowed comparison of the seasonal dynamics of water temperature, chlorophyll fluorescence and dissolved oxygen concentrations between a year where the ice cover completely disappeared (2016) and a year where it remained (2017). The seasonal disappearance of the ice cover resulted in the loss of heat in the water column due to mixing throughout the water column. Water temperatures, which reached 6.5°C at the bottom before mixing, dropped to 1°C in the whole water column. Complete mixing also caused dissolved oxygen concentration in the water column to reach equilibrium with the atmosphere whereas it rose to 140% saturation under the ice cover. During open water conditions, incident radiation declined in the water column due to sediment resuspension and increased chlorophyll a fluorescence. The loss of ice cover may have stimulated primary productivity, with a higher and earlier chlorophyll a fluorescence peak in 2016 than in 2017. Sampling along an inshore-offshore gradient revealed two patterns of physical and biological variation. Both patterns included an abrupt shift at the ice cover margin, which acts as a demarcation between the littoral and offshore zones. The results underscored the ecological role of the narrow ice-free water area (moat) that forms around the ice cover of polar lakes each summer. Principal food sources for zooplankton were identified through the analysis of fatty acid composition of the different components of the food web. The pelagic zooplankton diet was mainly composed of seston whereas communities associated with mosses dominated their diet in the littoral zone. High populations of chironomids in the genus Metriocnemus occurred in the benthos. Analysis of the vertical structure of the Ward Hunt Lake water column in summer showed that the ice cover, by limiting direct exchange with the atmosphere, allowed the onset of inverse thermal stratification and the accumulation of heat despite blocking 40 to 60% of incident radiation by reflection and attenuation. Incident radiation reaching the lake floor allowed the development of a rich benthic community, with photosynthetic pigment stocks that were one to two orders of magnitude above those in the overlying water column. The stability of the water column also limited gas diffusion, resulting in oxygen supersaturation up to 180% of air equilibrium and the accumulation of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane. Optical analysis of the water column indicated the presence of weakly colored dissolved organic matter that influenced the underwater spectral radiation regime. This study provides an integrated view of perennially ice-covered lakes at a turning point as they undergo transition towards a seasonal ice-cover regime. It highlights the importance of ice cover as a driver of limnological variables in the water column by controlling the availability of solar radiation for photosynthesis, and by limiting wind-induced exchanges with the atmosphere, thereby favoring water column stability and strong inshore-offshore gradients in many ecosystem features

Abondance et diversité des rotifères dans les mares de thermokarst subartiques

Les mares de thermokarst, issues de la fonte du pergélisol, sont très abondantes dans le Nord et émettent des gaz à effet de serre par leur activité biogéochimique intense. Elles contiennent d’abondantes communautés de rotifères dont la diversité et le rôle écologique sont méconnus. Cette étude présente les résultats d’un échantillonnage réalisé dans les mares de thermokarst subarctiques en comparaison avec des plans d’eau sur des bassins rocheux avoisinants. Les analyses ont révélé la présence d’un total de 24 espèces de rotifères. Les rotifères étaient plus abondants dans les mares de thermokarst que dans les bassins rocheux, alors que la diversité n’y était pas différente. Les taux de filtration estimés par des expériences de broutage étaient de moins de 0.05% de la colonne d’eau par jour à l’échelle de la communauté, ce qui implique que les rotifères n’étaient pas limités par la disponibilité de la nourriture dans ces mares.Thermokarst ponds, which are the result of permafrost thawing and erosion, occur in high abundance throughout the North. These ecosystems play a key role as greenhouse gases emitters due to their intense biogeochemical activity. These ecosystems contain a high abundance of rotifers, but little is known about the diversity and ecological role of these microzooplankton in thermokarst waters. In the present study, sampling was conducted in subarctic thermokarst ponds (Nunavik, Canada), and compared with nearby rock-based lakes. The analyses revealed a total of 24 rotifer species. The abundance of rotifers was higher in thermokarst waters than in the rock-based lakes, while diversity was not significantly different. Grazing experiments gave estimates of total community clearance rates of < 0.05% of the water column per day, implying that picoplankton growth rates would readily keep pace with this grazing pressure, and that rotifer populations are unlikely to be bottom-up limited by food availability

Water column gradients beneath the summer ice of a High Arctic freshwater lake as indicators of sensitivity to climate change

Ice cover persists throughout summer over many lakes at extreme polar latitudes but is likely to become increasingly rare with ongoing climate change. Here we addressed the question of how summer ice-cover affects the underlying water column of Ward Hunt Lake, a freshwater lake in the Canadian High Arctic, with attention to its vertical gradients in limnological properties that would be disrupted by ice loss. Profiling in the deepest part of the lake under thick mid-summer ice revealed a high degree of vertical structure, with gradients in temperature, conductivity and dissolved gases. Dissolved oxygen, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide and methane rose with depth to concentrations well above air-equilibrium, with oxygen values at >150% saturation in a mid water column layer of potential convective mixing. Fatty acid signatures of the seston also varied with depth. Benthic microbial mats were the dominant phototrophs, growing under a dim green light regime controlled by the ice cover, water itself and weakly colored dissolved organic matter that was mostly autochthonous in origin. In this and other polar lakes, future loss of mid-summer ice will completely change many water column properties and benthic light conditions, resulting in a markedly different ecosystem regime

The littoral zone of polar lakes : inshore-offshore contrasts in an ice-covered High Arctic lake

In ice-covered polar lakes, a narrow ice-free moat opens up in spring or early summer, and then persists at the edge of the lake until complete ice loss or refreezing. In this study, we analyzed the horizontal gradients in Ward Hunt Lake, located in the High Arctic, and addressed the hypothesis that the transition from its nearshore open-water moat to offshore ice-covered waters is marked by discontinuous shifts in limnological properties. Consistent with this hypothesis, we observed an abrupt increase in below-ice concentrations of chlorophyll a beyond the ice margin, along with a sharp decrease in temperature and light availability and pronounced changes in benthic algal pigments and fatty acids. There were higher concentrations of rotifers and lower concentrations of viruses at the ice-free sampling sites, and contrasts in zooplankton fatty acid profiles that implied a greater importance of benthic phototrophs in their inshore diet. The observed patterns underscore the structuring role of ice cover in polar lakes. These ecosystems do not conform to the traditional definitions of littoral versus pelagic zones, but instead may have distinct moat, icemargin and ice-covered zones. This zonation is likely to weaken with ongoing climate change

Extreme warming and regime shift toward amplified variability in a far northern lake

Mean annual air temperatures in the High Arctic are rising rapidly, with extreme warming events becoming increasingly common. Little is known, however, about the consequences of such events on the ice‐capped lakes that occur abundantly across this region. Here, we compared 2 years of high‐frequency monitoring data in Ward Hunt Lake in the Canadian High Arctic. One of the years included a period of anomalously warm conditions that allowed us to address the question of how loss of multi‐year ice cover affects the limnological properties of polar lakes. A mooring installed at the deepest point of the lake (9.7 m) recorded temperature, oxygen, chlorophyll a (Chl a ) fluorescence, and underwater irradiance from July 2016 to July 2018, and an automated camera documented changes in ice cover. The complete loss of ice cover in summer 2016 resulted in full wind exposure and complete mixing of the water column. This mixing caused ventilation of lake water heat to the atmosphere and 4°C lower water temperatures than under ice‐covered conditions. There were also high values of Chl a fluorescence, elevated turbidity levels and large oxygen fluctuations throughout fall and winter. During the subsequent summer, the lake retained its ice cover and the water column remained stratified, with lower Chl a fluorescence and anoxic bottom waters. Extreme warming events are likely to shift polar lakes that were formerly capped by continuous thick ice to a regime of irregular ice loss and unstable limnological conditions that vary greatly from year to year

Permafrost thaw lakes and ponds as habitats for abundant rotifer populations

Thermokarst lakes and ponds were sampled across a range of permafrost landscapes in subarctic QuĂŠbec (Nunavik, Canada), to compare their rotifer and other zooplankton characteristics with a set of rock-basin lakes and ponds in the region. A total of 24 rotifer species were identified, with an average of 7 taxa per waterbody. Rotifer abundance was an order of magnitude higher in the thaw ponds than in rock-basin waters. In some thaw ponds, rotifers accounted for >50% of the total zooplankton biomass, but forThe accepted manuscript in pdf format is listed with the files at the bottom of this page. The presentation of the authors' names and (or) special characters in the title of the manuscript may differ slightly between what is listed on this page and what is listed in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript; that in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript is what was submitted by the author

Future priorities for Arctic freshwater science from the perspective of early career researchers

Freshwater systems are a major component of the terrestrial Arctic and are particularly sensitive to climatic and other environmental changes. Recent efforts have focussed on synthesizing and identifying gaps in the current understanding of Arctic freshwater systems. We aimed to identify research priorities for Arctic freshwater science from the perspective of early-career researchers, given their leading role as the next generation of scientists tasked with addressing these research areas. Using an discussion session and an online survey of early-career researchers, we identified five priority-topics: 1) establishment of long-term monitoring sites across the Arctic; 2) improved understanding of the implications of permafrost thawing for biogeochemistry of Arctic rivers and lakes; 3) better model predictions of changes in freshwater systems and better integration with the wider modelling community; 4) improved estimates of environmental thresholds and tipping points within Arctic freshwater ecosystems; and 5) the need for community-based monitoring and assessment. These five topics underline the importance of interdisciplinary research and the necessity of developing large-scale environmental monitoring programs and data repositories. Such developments will facilitate long-term understanding of the impact of climate variability upon Arctic freshwater systems and will promote knowledge exchange between local and scientific communities.The accepted manuscript in pdf format is listed with the files at the bottom of this page. The presentation of the authors' names and (or) special characters in the title of the manuscript may differ slightly between what is listed on this page and what is listed in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript; that in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript is what was submitted by the author

Déclin de la végétation aquatique submergée au lac Saint-Pierre de 2002 à 2021

La végétation aquatique submergée (VAS) joue plusieurs rôles écologiques cruciaux et offre des services écosystémiques inestimables aux sociétés humaines. Cependant, une tendance mondiale montre un déclin de la VAS, généralement causé par la hausse des matières en suspension et des nutriments dans l’eau. L’étude de la VAS du lac Saint-Pierre de 2002 à 2021 a permis de documenter l’occurrence et la composition en espèces de cette végétation. La probabilité d’observer de la VAS aux différentes stations d’échantillonnage est passée de 75 % en 2002 à 20 % en 2021. Ce déclin de la VAS est accompagné d’un changement de composition de la communauté végétale principalement attribuable à la diminution de la vallisnérie d’Amérique (Vallisneria americana). Un potentiel refuge photique associé à la masse d’eau translucide des Grands Lacs supporterait le développement de la VAS dans le lac Saint-Pierre. Toute intervention réduisant la dispersion de cette masse d’eau dans le lac Saint-Pierre devrait être évitée. Des actions de gestion visant l’amélioration de la qualité de l’eau du lac Saint-Pierre et ses tributaires, en réduisant notamment la turbidité, sont nécessaires afin de protéger et de restaurer cette réserve mondiale de la biosphère de l’UNESCO.Submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) plays several crucial ecological roles and provides invaluable ecosystem services to humans. However, it is declining globally, principally due to an increase in the amount of suspended matter and nutrients within water bodies. A series of studies of the SAV in Lake Saint-Pierre (Québec, Canada) conducted between 2002 and 2021, documented changes in the occurrence and species composition of this vegetation type. The probability of observing SAV at the different sampling stations decreased from 75% in 2002 to 20% in 2021. This decline was accompanied by a change in species composition, mainly associated with a decrease in the amount of American eelgrass (Vallisneria americana). The clearer mass of water flowing from the Great Lakes possibly offers a photic refuge for SAV in Lake Saint-Pierre. Any intervention that would potentially reduce the dispersion of this water mass within the lake should be avoided. Management actions aimed at improving the water quality of Lake Saint-Pierre and its tributaries, notably by reducing turbidity, are needed to restore and protect this UNESCO World Biosphere Reserve