Sertéstartó gazdaságok eszközellátottságának vizsgálata a Tesztüzemi Rendszer (FADN) adatai alapján

The goal of the study was the examination of the Hungarian pig sector with particular attention paid to the available assets, to the composition of the non-current assets, to the depreciation value, to the value of gross and net investments and to the value of various supports. It was found that the position of individual farms was more unfavorable; only from 2012 exceeded the value of their investments the value of depreciation, consequently these investments did not result in farm development. Corporate farms on the other hand were able to increase their investments - partly because they were more successful in utilizing the various support measures. Although individual farms had an increased value of investment in the last examined year, the statement above is still valid. Companies characteristically invested in highvalue fixed assets, particularly in real estate property, while individual farms preferred intermediate assets, particularly machinery and breeding stock. The results of the study also show that farms keeping fewer pigs (below 50 livestock units) chose to increase the size of their breeding stock while reducing their real estate and machinery investment. In the case of medium size pig farms (livestock units 50-150) the situation were more diverse. In 2010 the biggest investment activity occurred in increasing the size of the breeding stock, in 2011 in real estate investment and from 2012 machinery investment had the biggest value. Farms having more than 150 livestock units purchased mainly breeding stock in the first two years, and invested in real estate property from 2012. The small and medium size pig farms realized negative net investment indicating a decreasing productive capacity and falling behind in terms of development. These farms were not able to replace their depreciated assets. In terms of developments only the big pig farms were successful having sufficient resources and successful partaking in the various support schemes. It is evident that farms with lower LSU hardly were able to invest in fixed assets. Bigger pig farms did make some investments but further research is necessary to determine the nature of these; whether they contributed to innovation, helped realizing animal welfare measures, or rather increased the productive capacity.A tanulmány célja a hazai sertéstartás vizsgálata, különös tekintettel az gazdaságok eszközellátottságára, a tárgyi eszközök összetételére, az értékcsökkenés volumenére, a bruttó és a nettó beruházások és az igénybe vett támogatások nagyságára. A kutatás alapján megállapítható, hogy az egyéni gazdaságok kedvezőtlenebb helyzetben voltak, hiszen a beruházások értéke csak 2012-től haladta meg az értékcsökkenést, azaz a fejlesztést nem szolgálták. Ezzel szemben a gazdasági társaságok beruházási tevékenysége növekvő tendenciát mutat, mivel a támogatások nyújtotta lehetőségeket jobban ki tudták használni. Még akkor is igaz ez, ha figyelembe vesszük azt a tényt, hogy a vizsgált időszak utolsó évében már az egyéni gazdaságoknál is emelkedett a beruházási támogatások igénybevétele. Atársas gazdaságoknál az egy évet meghaladó, nagyobb volumenű ingatlanberuházások voltak a jellemzők, az egyéni gazdaságok pedig inkább a gépés a tenyészállat-beszerzést részesítették előnyben. Az eredmények azt mutatták, hogy a vizsgált időszak alatt az 50 alatti számosállattal rendelkező sertéstartók a tenyészállat-állomány növelésére törekedtek, emellett csökkenő ingatlan- és gépberuházás volt jellemző rájuk. A közepeseknél (50–150 számosállat) a helyzet már nem volt ilyen egyértelmű, 2010-ben a tenyészállat-, 2011-ben az ingatlan-, 2012-től pedig a gépberuházások voltak a meghatározók. A 150 feletti számosállattal rendelkező gazdaságoknál az első két évben a tenyészállat-beszerzés, az utolsó két évben pedig az ingatlanfejlesztés dominált. A nettó beruházások értéke a kis és közepes vállalkozások esetében is negatív volt, fejlesztéseik elmaradtak, az eszközök folyamatosan elhasználódtak, pótlásuk nem valósult meg. A fejlesztések megvalósítására a vizsgált időszakban leginkább a „nagy” gazdaságoknak volt forrásuk, valamint a beruházási támogatások nyújtotta lehetőséget is egyértelműen ők tudták kihasználni. Megállapítást nyert, hogy az alacsony állatlétszámmal rendelkező vállalkozások esetében nem vagy csak alig beszélhetünk tárgyieszközfejlesztésről. A nagyobb állatállományú sertéstartók már megvalósítottak ugyan beruházásokat, de az későbbi vizsgálat tárgyát képezhetné, hogy ezek a fejlesztések az innovációt, az állatjóléti előírások betartását vagy egyszerűen a kapacitásbővítést szolgálták inkább

Global Challenges and New Approaches in the Common Agricultural Policy 2014 - 2020

Unfavorable environmental issues raise attention globally toward the concept of sustainability. Agriculture is not only a sector influenced greatly by environmental conditions, but at the same time, as the most important utilizer of land, a major shaper of the environmental conditions. When forming agricultural policies special attention should be paid to issues such as climate change, scarcity of fresh water, food shortage and biodiversity loss — just to name some of them. The new European general strategy for the upcoming 7 years period has brought new measures for the agricultural policy as well, environment and sustainability being among the top issues

The Impacts of CAP Subsidies on the Financial Risk and Resilience of Hungarian Farms, 2014–2021

The present paper empirically analyzes the efficiency of European Union (EU) subsidies for farms in the Southern Great Plain region of Hungary between 2014 and 2021. The aim of this analysis was to explore whether the subsidies increased the resilience of farms, enhancing their profitability, liquidity and solvency, and economic efficiency, measured by the usual financial indicators of farm performance. The analysis also evaluated the ability of farm businesses to create and retain jobs, i.e., to increase employment in the rural environment, focusing on differences between the subsidized and non-subsidized farms. The research analyzed all agricultural companies of the selected region. The methodology was a non-parametric statistical analysis (Kruskal–Wallis test, Dunnett’s T3 test) for identifying significant differences between subsidized and non-subsidized farms in the 8-year period. Results show that subsidies significantly improved the financial stability, resilience and efficiency of subsidized farms only in the micro size category, and the employment indicators deteriorated more in subsidized farms than in non-subsidized ones. Thus, the intended purpose of the subsidies was not entirely realized, and positive impacts were noticeable only in the micro enterprises. This might imply that subsidies contributed to the survival of non-viable enterprises instead of enhancing their competitiveness

Tourism Competitiveness in Eastern Africa: RCA and TTCI

Eastern Africa is home to strikingly beautiful landscapes, unique wildlife and exotic cultural heritage that create outstanding tourism appeal. Unfortunately, these attractive features do not always translate to high tourism revenues. This paper focuses on analyzing the relationships between tourism performance indicators—arrivals, revenues and the revenue-based revealed comparative advantage (RCA)—and compare them to the components of destination facilities and endowments measured by the Tourism and Travel Competitiveness Index (TTCI). The analysis concentrates on Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania, using secondary data from 2005 to 2017. The methodology applies correlation analysis and panel regression. As the results show, the TTCI and RCA are negatively correlated, but the components of the TTCI have different relationships to the RCA. Natural heritage positively influences the RCA, while cultural resources do not. The higher RCA values are also enhanced by better tourism services and better ground travel infrastructure. Similar analyses have been performed for Europe and some Asian countries, but not for Eastern Africa. The novelty of the present research is the fact that natural heritage resources can contribute considerably to tourism revenues, while cultural resources are not utilized to their full potential in terms of tourism success

Erratum to: Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition) (Autophagy, 12, 1, 1-222, 10.1080/15548627.2015.1100356

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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy

In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field