High-pressure absorption study of CO2 in aqueous N-methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) and MDEA-piperazine (PZ)-1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate [bmim][OTf] hybrid solvents

In present study, high pressure CO absorption performance of aqueous N-methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) and its hybrid solvents with anhydrous perazine (PZ) and ionic liquid (IL) 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate [bmim][OTf] were investigated. The absorption performance of hybrid solvents were carried out to investigate CO loading capacity (mol of CO/mol of solvent), and apparent absorption rate (CO capture efficiency, overall rate constant). The CO loading capacity of aqueous MDEA and its hybrid solvents were experimentally investigated for a wide range of compositions between pressure ranges of 2 to 50 bar and at three different temperatures (303.15, 313.15, and 333.15 K). Furthermore, apparent absorption rate performance of hybrid solvents were determined at 303.15 K temperature and 2 bar pressure. The effect of temperature, CO partial pressure, and ionic liquid (IL) concentrations on CO loading of aqueous IL-amines hybrid solvents were also investigated. The results indicated that CO loading of hybrid solvents were increased with increase in CO partial pressure and IL concentration (up to 10 wt%), further increased concentration of IL suppressed CO loading capacity. The CO loading capacity of hybrid solvents were also reduced with rise in system's temperature. The addition of IL and anhydrous PZ significantly enhanced CO capture efficiency (n) and overall absorption rate constant (k) of aqueous MDEA solvent

WHO key access antibiotics prices, availability and affordability in private sector pharmacies in Pakistan

Poor availability and unaffordability of key access antibiotics may increase antimicrobial resistance in the community by promoting inappropriate antibiotic selection and abridged therapy compliance