Judith Butler’s Gender and Identity Trouble in David Mamet’s Glengarry Glen Ross and Oleanna

Judith Butler as a rhetoric, comparative, and poststructuralist professor exhibits a far-reaching influence in a number of fields. Butler also is one of the following of ‘Gender Studied’ and her notion of gender as a cultural choice is useful for representing subject-formation and self-construction. Her outstanding books consist of “Gender Trouble” (1990) and “Bodies that Matter” (1993), are argued in drives literary theories such as “feminist theory” and “Gender studies”. Butler’ first book examined the contact of Hegel’s work on twentieth-century French philosophers. The following books drag extensively from psychoanalytic, feminist and poststructuralist theories. Judith Butler tries to focus on the terms performative acts and gender constitution in order to argue that “gender identity is a performative accomplishment compelled by social sanction and taboo (Butler, 1988, p. 520). She further believes that gender is something that is not a corporeal “social fiction” but is continuously reproducing, changing and moving. In Butler’s view, gender is only an “essential” part of a body’s identity that is presented in the world, so that a body constituted essential core identity through a set of preexisting characteristics that have been imposed on that body. Queer theory is another work of Butler’s notion that is in relation to Michel Foucault's History of Sexuality. By queer theory, Butler has emphasized on Differences that is in terminology and methods are based on performance and Foucault's reliance on formulations such as "power-knowledge" and "the deployment of alliance.

Judith Butler’s Gender and Identity Trouble in David Mamet’s Glengarry Glen Ross and Oleanna

Judith Butler as a rhetoric, comparative, and poststructuralist professor exhibits a far-reaching influence in a number of fields. Butler also is one of the following of ‘Gender Studied’ and her notion of gender as a cultural choice is useful for representing subject-formation and self-construction. Her outstanding books consist of “Gender Trouble” (1990) and “Bodies that Matter” (1993), are argued in drives literary theories such as “feminist theory” and “Gender studies”. Butler’ first book examined the contact of Hegel’s work on twentieth-century French philosophers. The following books drag extensively from psychoanalytic, feminist and poststructuralist theories. Judith Butler tries to focus on the terms performative acts and gender constitution in order to argue that “gender identity is a performative accomplishment compelled by social sanction and taboo (Butler, 1988, p. 520). She further believes that gender is something that is not a corporeal “social fiction” but is continuously reproducing, changing and moving. In Butler’s view, gender is only an “essential” part of a body’s identity that is presented in the world, so that a body constituted essential core identity through a set of preexisting characteristics that have been imposed on that body. Queer theory is another work of Butler’s notion that is in relation to Michel Foucault's History of Sexuality. By queer theory, Butler has emphasized on Differences that is in terminology and methods are based on performance and Foucault's reliance on formulations such as "power-knowledge" and "the deployment of alliance.

The Correlation between English Sentences and Their Voices in the Process of Translation

Languages provide their speakers with a variety of constructions that help them communicate effectively and efficiently. Two out of these constructions are active and passive forms. Some languages as Persian believe that an active sentence is usually preferable to a passive sentence because an active one is shorter, stronger and more direct. While some other languages as English believe that passive voice is used more frequently because it is a regular feature in formal especially scientific written texts. Based on what was mentioned above we can arrive at this conclusion that in order to have a fluent text, changing the voices in the process of translation is a must. Although active sentences and passive ones share a common sense, and sometimes each of the active and passive have the same meaning and each one can be used instead of the other but not all passive sentences have the same meaning as that of the active. The present research helps the translators how to translate a text as natural as possible because if they know under what conditions it is obligatory to change the voice of sentences in the process of translation from English into Persian or vice versa, consequently they will produce the appearance that seems original

The Correlation between English Sentences and Their Voices in the Process of Translation

Languages provide their speakers with a variety of constructions that help them communicate effectively and efficiently. Two out of these constructions are active and passive forms. Some languages as Persian believe that an active sentence is usually preferable to a passive sentence because an active one is shorter, stronger and more direct. While some other languages as English believe that passive voice is used more frequently because it is a regular feature in formal especially scientific written texts. Based on what was mentioned above we can arrive at this conclusion that in order to have a fluent text, changing the voices in the process of translation is a must. Although active sentences and passive ones share a common sense, and sometimes each of the active and passive have the same meaning and each one can be used instead of the other but not all passive sentences have the same meaning as that of the active. The present research helps the translators how to translate a text as natural as possible because if they know under what conditions it is obligatory to change the voice of sentences in the process of translation from English into Persian or vice versa, consequently they will produce the appearance that seems original

The Correlation between English Sentences and Their Voices in the Process of Translation

Languages provide their speakers with a variety of constructions that help them communicate effectively and efficiently. Two out of these constructions are active and passive forms. Some languages as Persian believe that an active sentence is usually preferable to a passive sentence because an active one is shorter, stronger and more direct. While some other languages as English believe that passive voice is used more frequently because it is a regular feature in formal especially scientific written texts. Based on what was mentioned above we can arrive at this conclusion that in order to have a fluent text, changing the voices in the process of translation is a must. Although active sentences and passive ones share a common sense, and sometimes each of the active and passive have the same meaning and each one can be used instead of the other but not all passive sentences have the same meaning as that of the active. The present research helps the translators how to translate a text as natural as possible because if they know under what conditions it is obligatory to change the voice of sentences in the process of translation from English into Persian or vice versa, consequently they will produce the appearance that seems original

Althusserian reading of The Handmaid's Tale

Louis Althusser (1918-1990) builds on the work of Jacques Lacan to understand the way ideology functions in society. He thus moves away from the earlier Marxist understanding of ideology. In the earlier model, ideology was believed to create what was termed "false consciousness", a false understanding of the way the world functioned. Althusser explains that for Marx "Ideology is [...] thought as an imaginary construction whose status is exactly like the theoretical status of the dream among writers before Freud. For those writers, the dream was the purely imaginary, i.e. null, result of the 'day's residues" (1971:108). Althusser, by contrast, approximates ideology to Lacan's understanding of reality, the world we construct around us after our entrance into the symbolic order. For Althusser, as for Lacan, it is impossible to access the real conditions of existence due to our reliance on language. This could be seen throughout the novel by Margaret Atwood who writes The Handmaid's Tale (1985) based on the concept of ideology. This is about how the heroine of the story and other women in the society are manipulated by the ideology of ruling class through a communist society. In such a world nothing is real and everything is just an illusion that is made by ruling class. The subjects trapped or forced to believe such misconceptions and unreality through different techniques that are employed by the rulers. The dominant forces and ideology are so strong that the subject at the end gets a new identity since she is required unconsciously without her knowing. The other aspect shown by this novel is the failure of revolution and communism in this society and persistence of capitalism that it never disappears

Social Ideas in Poetry of Four Female Contemporary Poet (Parvin Etesami, Forough Farokhzad, Tahereh Safarzadeh and Simin Behbahani)

This artile with social view point is going to study the social thought of Forough’s poem, specially based of female, freedom, tradition and modernity. It focuses on these features of Forough’s poem from a different point of view towards social issues. This article studies the social meanings of Forough’s poem that are specialized for her. It tries to show the feminism poem which is unique in Iran. After these survey, the article tries to assert that Forough Frokhzad is the most social female poet in Iran; Forough with her courage and boldness used a kind of norm breaking through her poems and speak about social issues. So she could omit some of taboos that belongs to feminine society in Iran

A Study of Buchi Emecheta’s The Joys of Motherhood in the Light of Chandra Talpade Mohanty: A Postcolonial Feminist Theory

Mohanty is a prominent contemporary postcolonial feminist who demands women’s solidarity based on the common context of struggle against the hierarchical powers- colonialism, capitalism, racism and patriarchy. This study seeks to examine traces of colonialism, capitalism, racism and solidarity in Emecheta’s The Joys of Motherhood according to Mohanty’s postcolonial feminist theory

A Marxist Reading of ‘The Madwoman of Chaillot’

Having read the play, it could be understood that ideology and capitalistic attitude which is a recent phenomenon has been spread throughout the world and people have a materialistic view towards and commodify each other. The use and exchange values are replaced by sign exchange value and commodity and goods are changing into master and humanity becomes their slave. Hence commodity fetishism is the new aspect of economic relations. Moreover by means of anarchy and chaos and also unawareness of lower class or proletariats, capitalists can get what they want. However the Marxist theory and reading of the play reveals that finally the proletariats of a society come to consciousness of their being abused by capitalism and revolt against them and live a free life ever after as Marx had predicted it in nineteenth century. In spite of his prediction, this fantasy never comes true in reality and it remains as a fairy tale and that is why this work is categorized in genre of fantasy. Nonetheless analysis of this play from different perspective can show how it is possible