Kajian literasi undang-undang pengguna dalam kalangan pelajar IPTA

Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengenalpasti tahap pengetahuan, persepsi dan amalan terhadap undang-undang pengguna dalam kalangan mahasiswa IPTA. Seramai 1000 orang responden dipilih secara persampelan rawak berlapis yang terdiri daripada mahasiswa UPM, UM, UIA, UiTM dan UKM. Tahap pengetahuan responden diukur dengan ketepatan jawapan kepada soalan-soalan asas undang-undang pengguna. Ini merangkumi pengetahuan berhubung hak-hak asasi, tanggungjawab pengguna, kerangka perundangan, pembekalan barang/perhidmatan, amalan perniagaan tidak adil dan mekanisme gantirugi. Dapatan kajian memperlihatkan bahawa hanya 31.5% responden mempunyai tahap pengetahuan yang tinggi manakala selebihnya sederhana (38.0%) dan rendah (26.3%). Dapatan juga mendapati bahawa terdapat perbezaan yang signifikan di antara bidang kursus, IPT, latarbelakang persekolahan dan pengambilan subjek berkaitan kepenggunaan terhadap tahap pengetahuan responden berkaitan undang-undang pengguna. Hasil kajian ini adalah penting bagi merangka program-program kesedaran pengguna oleh pihak universiti, badan bukan kerjaan dan kerajaan bagi mendayaupayakan golongan mahasiswa untuk menjadi pengguna bijak dalam pasaran

Regulating Standard form of consumer contracts: The legal treatment of selected asian jutisdictions

The use of standard form contract is extensively widespread in the era of globalisation. It has now become a predominant feature of many consumer contracts. Although initially it was formed as an agent to facilitate market transactions, it is now seen as hindering the business process and increasing the cost of goods. Its practice in the daily consumer transaction has drawn attention due to its nature and characteristics.Forms contract are not a result of a negotiation process; they are offered on a ‘ take it or leave it’ basis, they do not require meeting of mind and they are usuallynot read by consumers. Its contents often consist of unfair terms and exclusion clauses which often give benefits and advantage to the one who prepares the contract. In this new era, the practice of standard form contract reflects a new dimension of oppression of the consumers. It has further eroded the protection of consumers in many commercial transactions. Hence this paper aims at exploring comparatively the legal treatment on standard form contract in the context of consumer trade in selected Asian jurisdictions, namely Malaysia, Israel, Thailand and Peoples Republic of Chin

Frod dalam pengurusan syarikat: peranan dan cabaran pengarah syarikat masa kini

In every business world, ethics should come in parallel with the administration of each business organization. Nevertheless, there are countless administrative hurdles for each company to encounter with especially in relation to unethical and improper conduct during the company’s business operation. Fraud is the usual term used to describe a dishonest trick or criminal deception. Fraud has now become a practice for those who not only can we consider as ignorant of law but also those who knows and understand the law nevertheless neglect it due to business profits. In relation to the practice of ‘corporate governance’, director of company has now play an eminent role to ensure the growth and success of their company. Success and failure of company rest so much on the shoulder of its director. This article tries to highlight the practice of fraud in a company by its director and try to discuss legal provisions relating to the duties of director provided under the Companies Act 1965, taking into consideration the emergence of the Code of Corporate Governance. This is due to the fact that while directors are already subject to extensive laws and regulations regulating their conduct, their awareness of the extent of responsibilities attaching to their office appears to be minima

Towards harmonisation of the ASEAN contract law: the legal treatment of unfair consumer contract terms among selected ASEAN member states

The rise of standard form contracts and the use of unfair terms to deprive consumers from their rights have indeed inspired the law in many countries to react against the increasing decline of the individual’s capacity to make free and rational choice. The legal development in this area illustrates the role of contract law, that is, to develop criteria and procedures through which contractual fairness can be assured. The development of contract laws throughout the Southeast Asian region is impacted by the tremendous historical and social diversity among the various countries, as demonstrated by the Malaysian, Singaporean and Bruneian contract laws, which reflect English common law due to historical development. However, countries such as Indonesia have been profoundly affected by long periods of civil law influence. The experience of the common law countries of the ASEAN member states in controlling the use of unfair terms in consumer contracts demonstrate a different regime of protection as opposed to the civil law countries. Harmonisation of ASEAN contract laws is essential for the regional cooperation of ASEAN countries in order to accelerate the economic growth, social progress and cultural development of the region. Bringing harmony between various contract laws of ASEAN countries would enhance economic prosperity as the laws of contract serve the economical and cultural values of society, in particular, consumer protection. Adopting the content analysis method, this paper aims at exploring the legal treatment of unfair terms in consumer contracts among the selected ASEAN member states. The paper will discuss and analyse the legislative provisions on unfair terms in Singapore, Brunei and the Philippines, focusing both on the legislative provisions as well as the judicial treatment of these terms. An analysis in the legal treatment in these three countries will then be undertaken in respect of harmonizing ASEAN contract law. The legal regime of all three countries reflects that the statutory control of exemption clauses in Singapore, Brunei and Philippines has taken many forms, however, since there are common features in the legislation, harmonizing it in respect of consumer protection can be achieved by reasonable compromises among the member states

Korpus teori pembentukan kontrak

Symbolically, contract resembles the human pulse. Our daily life depends on contracts. Various aspects of life depend on contracts to arrange and facilitate daily activities, whether from the aspects of social, politics or economics. Awareness on the importance of contracts existed as early as the 13th century. Contract theories existed with natural law as its underlying cause. Philosophers propounded their own theories on contract. Consequently, ideologies developed centred around the questions of the relationship and impact of contract on society and life. The basic principles of the law of contract derived from the basic theories of contract and contract formation are seen to be challenged by the introduction of various forms and types of modern transactions invading the world. Applying a pure legalistic analysis, based purely on literature review, this article analyses the theoretical corpus underlying contract development and formatio

Celik undang-undang: sejauh mana kesedaran pengguna mahasiswa terhadap hak kepenggunaan dan hak membuat tuntutan

Pada dekad ini, transaksi harian pengguna telah meletakkan pengguna sebagai pihak yang memegang kuasa pasaran yang kecil berbanding dengan kuasa pasaran yang dipegang oleh peniaga. Ini mengakibatkan berlakunya ketakseimbangan kuasa perundingan dalam pasaran di mana kuasa dominan menjadi milik peniaga. Justeru, tidak hairan jika penindasan dan penyelewengan ke atas pengguna telah terus-terusan dilaporkan berlaku. Tidak dinafikan bahawa asas kepada berleluasanya penindasan ini adalah kerana kejahilan pengguna akan hak mereka di sisi undang-undang dan kecetekan ilmu kepenggunaan mereka. Mahasiswa adalah termasuk dalam kelompok pengguna yang diharapkan mempunyai kesedaran kepenggunaan yang melebihi masyarakat pengguna biasa lantaran pendidikan dan ilmu yang mereka pupuk di universiti. Kajian dalam kalangan mahasiswa ini cuba mengupas sejauh mana tahap pengetahuan pengguna mahasiswa akan hak-hak mereka di sisi undang-undang termasuklah hak untuk membuat tuntutan sekiranya hak-hak tersebut dicabuli oleh peniaga. Seramai 1000 orang responden dipilih secara persampelan rawak berlapis yang terdiri daripada mahasiswa UPM, UM, UIA, UiTM dan UKM. Dapatan kajian memperlihatkan bahawa hanya 5.7% sahaja responden yang berjaya mengenalpasti dengan betul kelapan-lapan hak pengguna seperti yang diiktiraf di bawah undang-undang. Dapatan juga mendapati bahawa terdapat perbezaan yang signifikan di antara gender, bidang kursus, etnik dan IPT terhadap tahap pengetahuan responden berkaitan hak pengguna. Hasil kajian ini adalah penting bagi merangka program-program kesedaran pengguna oleh pihak universiti, badan bukan kerjaan dan kerajaan bagi mendayaupayakan golongan mahasiswa untuk menjadi pengguna bijak dalam pasaran

Fasal pengecualian liabiliti dalam kontrak pengguna di Malaysia

Consumerism loaded with paternalistic ideals of protecting customers is by all means a paradigm shift from the so-called freedom of contract ideology. The aim of consumerism is to regulate and intervene in the market in their noble cause of upholding and empowering consumers in trade. Nevertheless in the area of exclusion of trader’s liability in consumer contracts, the move towards upholding consumer rights has been very minimal. Absence of appropriate legal mechanism in the form of a specific legislation to curb the use of unfair terms in consumer contracts has lead to oppression of consumers and the spread of unethical conduct of traders. In Malaysia however, the legal development in the area of exemption clauses in consumer contracts appears to be minimal. In the area of exemption of liability in Malaysia, by virtue of section 3 and 5 of the Civil Law Act 1956, the common law principles have been applied. However the case law development in Malaysia on exemption of liability, especially when the parties are of unequal bargaining power, causes a serious concern in consumer protection. This article explores the status of exemption clauses within the theoretical corpus of contract . It then examines the extent of the legal treatment on exemption clauses in consumer contracts as illustrated in reported case

Undang-undang kontrak Malaysia: keterbatasan pemakaian dalam kontrak pengguna

Kepesatan perkembangan ekonomi global telah membawa faedah kepada pengguna dengan keterbukaan pasaran barangan dan perkhidmatan lantas memoperkasakan hak pengguna untuk membuat pilihan berasaskankeperluan dan kuasa membeli. Walaupun fenomena ini dilihat masih seiringan dengan pendapat Adam Smith bahawa kepenggunaan adalah satu-satunya matlamat dan tujuan semua pengeluaran, namun senario ini secara tidak disedari turut menimbulkan ketidakpastian tentang tahap perlindungan terhadap pengguna dalam hubungan kontraktual yang mereka lakukan. Dengan demikian , sewajarnyalah kerangka perundangan kepenggunaan bergerak sederap dengan perkembangan semasa.Dimalaysia hubungan kontraktual dikawal selia oleh satu statut pemakaian am konteks kepenggunaan dengan menganalisis secara kritis kedudukan pengguna dalam kontrak bentuk seragam dan dibawah doktrin priviti dengan merujuk kepada sumber primer dan skunder perundangan. Diakhir analisis cadangan turut di kemukakan bagi mengatasi kelemahan Akta ini yang telah dikenal pasti