114 research outputs found

    Hydrocarbons and heavy metals in the different sewer deposits in the ‘Le Marais’ catchment (Paris, France): stocks, distributions and origins

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    International audienceThe knowledge of the pollution stored in combined sewers is of prime importance in terms of management of wet weather flow pollution since sewer deposits play a significant role as source of pollution in combined sewer overflows. This work, which focused on the hydrocarbon (aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons) and metallic (Fe, Zn, Pb, Cu and Cd) pollution fixed to the different kinds of sewer deposits (gross bed sediment wGBSx, organic layer wOLx and biofilm), was performed in order to provide a complete overview of the contaminant storage in the ‘Le Marais’ combined sewer (Central Paris, France).Firstly , our results have shown that, for all kinds of pollutants, a major part was stored in the GBS (87 to 98%), a lesser part in the OL (2 to 13%) and an insignificant part in the biofilm (< 1%). These results demonstrated that the potential contribution of biofilm to wet weather pollution was negligible compared to the OL one. Secondly, the investigation of hydrocarbon fingerprints in each deposit has provided relevant information about contamination origins: (1) aliphatic hydrocarbon distributions were indicative of petroleum input in the GBS and reflected a mixture of biogenic and petroleum inputs in the OL and biofilm, (2) aromatic hydrocarbon distributions suggested an important pyrolytic contamination in all the deposits.Finally , the study of pollutant fingerprints in the different deposits and in the suspended solids going through the collector has shown that: (1) the suspended solids were the major component of OL and biofilm while urban runoff seemed to be the main transport mechanism introducing pollutants in the GBS and (2) the residence times in sewer of OL and biofilm were quite short compared to those for GBS.

    A simple and efficient feedback control strategy for wastewater denitrification

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    Due to severe mathematical modeling and calibration difficulties open-loop feedforward control is mainly employed today for wastewater denitrification, which is a key ecological issue. In order to improve the resulting poor performances a new model-free control setting and its corresponding "intelligent" controller are introduced. The pitfall of regulating two output variables via a single input variable is overcome by introducing also an open-loop knowledge-based control deduced from the plant behavior. Several convincing computer simulations are presented and discussed.Comment: IFAC 2017 World Congress, Toulouse, Franc

    La biofiltration des eaux rĂ©siduaires urbaines : retour d’expĂ©rience du SIAAP

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    Depuis plus de 15 ans, la Direction de la Recherche et du DĂ©veloppement du Syndicat InterdĂ©partemental pour l’Assainissement de l’AgglomĂ©ration Parisienne (SIAAP) Ă©tudie le procĂ©dĂ© de biofiltration des eaux rĂ©siduaires urbaines. Les diffĂ©rents travaux de recherche et dĂ©veloppement, menĂ©s Ă  l’échelle industrielle et semi-industrielle (stations d’épuration/ prototypes/pilotes) ont permis au SIAAP d’acquĂ©rir une rĂ©elle expĂ©rience sur ce procĂ©dĂ© de traitement. L’objectif de cet article de synthĂšse est d’extraire de ces 15 annĂ©es de travail des informations clĂ©s sur les performances et les limites des biofiltres (charges Ă©liminĂ©es et influence des conditions d’exploitation sur l’élimination de la pollution) ainsi que sur les mĂ©canismes de colonisation et d’encrassement des massifs filtrants.For more than 15 years, the interdepartmental association for sewage disposal in Paris conurbation (SIAAP) research center has studied wastewater treatment by biofiltration. Such studies, carried out at industrial and semi-industrial scales (wastewater treatment plants/pilot and prototype units), have allowed SIAAP to expand its knowledge of this wastewater treatment technology. This paper aims to review the available information on the performance and limits of these immersed biological systems (purification performances and effects of the operating conditions on the pollution abatement efficiencies) and about the mechanisms of colonization of filter media by bacteria populations

    Laminar–turbulent intermittency in pipe flow for an Herschel–Bulkley fluid: Radial receptivity to finite-amplitude perturbations

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    We investigate the laminar-to-turbulent transition for non-Newtonian Herschel–Bulkley fluids that exhibit either a shear-thinning or shear-thickening behavior. The reduced-order model developed in this study also includes the effect of yield-stress for the fluid. Within our model framework, we investigate how the Newtonian dynamics change when significant non-Newtonian effects are considered either via the flow index n or the yield-stress τ0 or both. We find that an increase in τ0 as well as a decrease in n lead to a delayed transition if a perturbation of the given turbulent intensity is injected at various radial locations. As the radial position of the injection for the perturbation is varied in this study, our reduced-order model allows for the investigation of the flow receptivity to the finite-amplitude perturbations and to their radial position of inception. We observe that, for a given mean flow profile, the same perturbation becomes more prone to induce turbulence the closer it approaches the wall because of its initial amplitude being relatively higher with respect to the local mean flow. An opposite trend is found when the perturbation amplitude is rescaled on the local mean flow

    Seismic Performance of RC Beam-Column Connections with Continuous Rectangular Spiral Transverse Reinforcements for Low Ductility Classes

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    The seismic performance of RC columns could be significantly improved by continuous spiral reinforcement as a result of its adequate ductility and energy dissipation capacity. Due to post-earthquake brittle failure observations in beam-column connections, the seismic behaviour of such connections could greatly be improved by simultaneous application of this method in both beams and columns. In this study, a new proposed detail for beam to column connection introduced as “twisted opposing rectangular spiral” was experimentally and numerically investigated and its seismic performance was compared against normal rectangular spiral and conventional shear reinforcement systems. In this study, three full scale beam to column connections were first designed in conformance with Eurocode (EC2-04) for low ductility class connections and then tested by quasistatic cyclic loading recommended by ACI Building Code (ACI 318-02). Next, the experimental results were validated by numerical methods. Finally, the results revealed that the new proposed connection could improve the ultimate lateral resistance, ductility, and energy dissipation capacity

    Sources, flux et bilan des retombées atmosphériques de métaux en Ile-de-France

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    Membre du Jury : Colin, Jean-Louis et ThĂ©venot, Daniel et Varrault, Gilles et Guieu, CĂ©cile et Meybeck, Michel et Löye-Pilot, Marie-Dominique et Elichegaray, ChristianThe urban atmosphere is submitted to large inputs of anthropogenic contaminants arising from both stationary (power plants, industries, etc.) and mobile (road traffic) sources. These small particles may be transported over long distances and affect ecosystems. Significant dry and wet atmospheric deposition also occurs locally and contributes to the contamination of urban runoff. The aim of this study is to compare heavy metal and hydrocarbon atmospheric deposition fluxes to other input ways on agricultural and urban areas to assess their importance. Moreover, a source investigation has been done to identify the main origins of these pollutants. Before the quantification of pollutant fluxes, a comparison of several sampling procedures was performed. As a result, the sampling of total atmospheric deposition is not affected by the funnel material (Teflon and polyethylene) or by the sampling duration (7 and 28 days). However, the rinsing step of the funnel walls showed a higher relative importance during short sampling periods. The relative amount contained in these solutions reached 24 to 40 % of the total flux during weekly sampling periods and 8 to 18 % during monthly sampling periods, whatever the element considered. The temporal evolution of atmospheric deposition showed no seasonal influence on flux variations during the 2001-2002 period. Considering an 8-year period behaviour, between 1994 and 2002, a significant decrease of the deposition fluxes of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn occurred at the CrĂ©teil site which is placed in an industrialised area of the Paris suburb. The decreasing factor reached 16, 2.5, 4 and 7.5 for these elements respectively.At the Ile-de-France scale, the deposition flux levels on urban and semi-urban areas were of the same order of magnitude (? 20 tonnes per year for Ba, Cu, Pb and Sr). Since semiurban surface area is four times higher than urban ones, the important influence of anthropogenic activities on atmospheric deposition of urban areas is evidenced. At the Seine River catchment scale, the atmospheric deposition levels were of the same order of magnitude as Seine River particle contents measured at the catchment estuary (Poses). The flux ratio between atmospheric inputs and Seine particles ranged between 0.8 and 4.8 for Al, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn. The importance of atmospheric deposition of metals was estimated on agricultural and urban areas. In the first case, the atmospheric fallout appears as the main input way of Cu, Ni and Pb to agrosystems while Cd is mainly introduced by fertilisers. These two input ways induced an increase of Cd, Ni and Pb in the cultivated horizon with an annual balance reaching 0.33, 0.014 and 0.014 %, respectively, of actual stocks while the Cu showed adecrease with an annual balance reaching 0.024 %. In the second case, atmospheric deposition was compared to roof and street runoff. The atmospheric deposition is the main introducing way of most of considered elements, compared to roof runoff excepting Cu, Pb, Ti and Zn which are mainly emitted by the latter. Nevertheless, compared to street runoff, atmospheric deposition levels are 1.5 to 27 times lower than street cleaning ones showing that atmosphericintroducing way is not the main introducing way of metals in urban areas. The source investigation on atmospheric deposition was performed using several tools developed during this study. The results allow the characterisation of the anthropogenic sources considered using specific elements or ratios. These tools were applied to the atmospheric deposition data but they did not allowed the determination of anthropogenic activities becauseof the atmospheric mixture.La pollution de l'air rĂ©sulte de multiples facteurs anthropiques. La nature dynamique de l'atmosphĂšre facilite ensuite le transport des particules Ă©mises Ă  diffĂ©rentes Ă©chelles spatiales. Ces apports anthropiques sont dĂ©posĂ©s suivant diffĂ©rents processus sur tous les types de milieux, tant urbains que ruraux, en les affectant plus ou moins irrĂ©mĂ©diablement. De nombreux travaux ont cherchĂ© Ă  Ă©valuer les quantitĂ©s dĂ©posĂ©es sur ces diffĂ©rents milieux sans toutefois tenter d'en dĂ©terminer la reprĂ©sentativitĂ©. Sous le vocable reprĂ©sentativitĂ©, nous incluons la comparaison avec les autres voies d'introduction de tels polluants dans les milieux considĂ©rĂ©s. Les principaux objectifs de ce travail sont d'une part, d'amĂ©liorer les connaissances sur les quantitĂ©s de mĂ©taux et d'hydrocarbures dĂ©posĂ©es en les comparant aux autres voies d'apport pour chaque type de milieu et d'autre part, d'identifier leur principale origine. PrĂ©alablement Ă  la quantification des flux de dĂ©position, nous avons procĂ©dĂ© Ă  une comparaison des protocoles de collecte des dĂ©pĂŽts atmosphĂ©riques totaux, montrant que la collecte n'Ă©tait ni dĂ©pendante du matĂ©riau utilisĂ© pour les entonnoirs, ni de la durĂ©e de la pĂ©riode de collecte. Par contre, le rinçage des entonnoirs a montrĂ© un apport plus important lors des collectes hebdomadaires que mensuelles, les parts relatives Ă©tant respectivement 24-40 et 8-18 %. L'Ă©tude des Ă©volutions temporelles qui a suivi cette Ă©tape de validation a montrĂ© globalement une absence de variation saisonniĂšre sur la pĂ©riode 2001-2002 des mĂ©taux. Cependant, une baisse significative des flux de dĂ©position est apparue entre 1994 et 2002 de facteurs respectivement Ă©gaux Ă  16 ; 2,5 ; 4 et 7,5 pour Cd, Cu, Pb et Zn Ă  CrĂ©teil. Les quantitĂ©s se dĂ©posant sur la rĂ©gion Ile-de-France, similaires sur les zones urbaines et semi- urbaines (? 20 t.an-1 pour les Ă©lĂ©ments Ba, Cu, Pb et Sr) malgrĂ© une surface quatre fois plus importante dans le second cas, ont permis de constater l'importance des flux de dĂ©positions en zone urbaine. A l'Ă©chelle du bassin de la Seine, les quantitĂ©s dĂ©posĂ©es par la voie atmosphĂ©rique sont du mĂȘme ordre de grandeur que celles prĂ©sentes dans les matiĂšres en suspension de la Seine Ă  l'estuaire de son bassin, avec des rapports compris entre 0,8 et 4,8 pour des Ă©lĂ©ments tels que Al, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb et Zn. La comparaison des flux de dĂ©position avec les autres apports s'est effectuĂ©e en zones agricole et urbaine. Dans le premier cas, les retombĂ©es atmosphĂ©riques sont apparues comme la voie prĂ©pondĂ©rante des apports de Cu, Ni et Pb, alors que le Cd est majoritairement apportĂ© par les intrants agricoles. Ces deux modes d'apport engendrent une accumulation de Cd, Ni et Pb dans les horizons de surface avec un taux annuel respectivement de 0,33 ; 0,014 et 0,014 % et une diminution du Cu de 0,024 % par an. En zone urbaine, les retombĂ©es atmosphĂ©riques ont Ă©tĂ© comparĂ©es aux ruissellements de toitures et de chaussĂ©es. Ainsi, l'apport atmosphĂ©rique est la voie prĂ©pondĂ©rante d'introduction de mĂ©taux et d'hydrocarbures, Ă  l'exception des Ă©lĂ©ments Cu, Pb, Ti et Zn Ă©mis majoritairement par les toitures. Cependant, les apports atmosphĂ©riques sont infĂ©rieurs, de l'ordre de 1,5 Ă  27 fois suivant les Ă©lĂ©ments, aux apports occasionnĂ©s par le lavage de la voirie. L'Ă©tude des sources atmosphĂ©riques d'aĂ©rosols a permis l'obtention d'outils permettant la caractĂ©risation des principales sources de rejets atmosphĂ©riques de mĂ©taux. Ainsi, les diffĂ©rents types d'aĂ©rosols considĂ©rĂ©s ont pu ĂȘtre clairement distinguĂ©s suivant diffĂ©rents Ă©lĂ©ments et rapports d'Ă©lĂ©ments. L'utilisation des outils obtenus sur les donnĂ©es de retombĂ©es atmosphĂ©riques ne semble cependant pas permettre une distinction des diffĂ©rents apports anthropiques et terrigĂšnes du fait des phĂ©nomĂšnes de mĂ©lange atmosphĂ©riques

    Sources, flux et bilan des retombées atmosphériques de métaux en Ile-de-France

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    MARNE-LA-VALLEE-ENPC-BIBL. (774682303) / SudocSudocFranceF

    COMPOSITION ET COMPORTEMENT DES RETOMBÉES ATMOSPHÉRIQUES MÉTALLIQUES EN ZONE URBAINE

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    12 p. (version du 7 juillet 2003 aprĂšs corrections et mise en forme)International audienceL'atmosphĂšre constitue un milieu de transport prĂ©fĂ©rentiel des particules atmosphĂ©riques des sources vers les diffĂ©rents Ă©cosystĂšmes par l'intermĂ©diaire des retombĂ©es atmosphĂ©riques. Il semble donc nĂ©cessaire de suivre l'Ă©volution de ces retombĂ©es atmosphĂ©riques afin d'Ă©valuer l'impact des sources de pollution sur l'environnement. Pour atteindre cet objectif, nous avons mis en place 6 sites de collecte en rĂ©gion parisienne. Ces sites ont Ă©tĂ© choisis afin de reflĂ©ter les diffĂ©rents types de milieu rencontrĂ©s au sein de la rĂ©gion parisienne. Ainsi, deux sites (Versailles et Coulommiers) sont reprĂ©sentatifs de milieux semi-urbains avec une activitĂ© agricole et quatre sites (CrĂ©teil, Paris et Chatou et Thiais) sont reprĂ©sentatifs de milieux fortement urbanisĂ©s avec une forte activitĂ© industrielle et un trafic routier dense. Le premier pan de notre travail fut de dĂ©terminer les variations spatiales et temporelles des micropolluants. Ainsi, la variation spatiale nous a permis de mettre en exergue la prĂ©dominance de quelques polluants sur certains sites et donc de montrer l'impact de sources anthropiques en rĂ©gion parisienne, mĂȘme pour des Ă©lĂ©ments tels que Al, Fe ou Si. L'Ă©tude des variations temporelles nous a permis, au travers de l'absence de fluctuation saisonniĂšre pour certains Ă©lĂ©ments, d'affiner l'identification des sources de part leurs constantes Ă©missions durant l'annĂ©e. Le second pan de notre travail concernait l'Ă©tude des signatures de ces micropolluants. Une recherche statistique des composantes principales (ACP) effectuĂ©e sur l'ensemble des donnĂ©es recueillies, associĂ©e Ă  l'Ă©tude de ratios caractĂ©ristiques nous ont servi de boite Ă  outils dans le but d'affiner l'Ă©tude sur la provenance des retombĂ©es atmosphĂ©riques. Les rĂ©sultats ne nous ont pas permis de sĂ©parer les diffĂ©rentes sources de combustions mais permettent la distinction entre les sources naturelles et anthropiques
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