Herbal Plants

Tumbuh-tumbuhan herba tradisional di Malaysi

Effect of Temperature and Sonication on The Extraction of Gallic Acid from Labisia Pumila (Kacip Fatimah)

The increasing demand of herbal based product has created great opportunities for global marketing. Labisia pumila contains a phenolic compounds and it has been proven to have multiple biological effects, such as high antioxidant properties and anti inflammatory activity. The Gallic acid(3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzoic acid) is phenolic compounds that exist in Labisia Pumila. Therefore, it is vital to identify a best extraction technique to maximize the performance of the process. Recently, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) widely reported for the extraction of medicinal plants and herbs due to its economic and green technology. This study was carried out to determine the effect of temperature and duty cycle on the performance of UAE in the extraction of gallic acid from Labisia Pumila (Kacip Fatimah).The sonication regiments ( power intensity and duty cycle) were varied to find maximum gallic acid concentration. The low power intensity at 8.66 W/cm2 was used and several duty cycle (10 to 40%) using ultrasonic processor Q700 (700 watts, 20kHz) provided by QSonica, Newtown, U.S.A with a replaceable flat tip ultrasonic probe (sonotrode) made of titanium alloy that had a tip diameter of 12.7 mm and 127 mm length. As the result, the best condition that has been determined for maximum gallic acid extraction was 100 0C with sonication with (0.26±0.02)% w/w or 2630.18 mg/kg . Besides that, the sonication was improved the gallic acid extraction for both 80 0C and 100 0C by 1.4 and 1.5 fold increament respectively .By comparing the effect of temperature, the higher tempperature give the better extraction yield for both with and without sonication. Based on the result can be concluded that, sonication was improved the extraction yield without any chemical aid

Sequential ultrasound-microwave assisted extraction of water soluble proteins from Eurycoma longifolia roots

Even though Eurycoma longifolia was extensively studied, few researches investigated the protein content in its water extracts with the consideration of establishing the most suitable extraction method to increase their yields with high efficiency and less time consumption. The study applied a sequential extraction method to increase the yields of water soluble proteins (WSPs) in E. longifolia root extracts by the application of two nonconventional extraction methods, Microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE). The study was established by circumscribed central composite designs (CCCDs) to indicate the optimum extraction conditions and the corresponding maximum WSPs yields for both the methods by investigating the MAE factors which were temperature (T); microwave power (W) and irradiation time (i) and UAE factors temperature (T); ultrasonic intensity (UI); and sonication time (s). The optimum conditions of MAE (T: 54oC, W: 301W and i: 15 min) led to the WSPs yield 23.101±1.647% .The optimum conditions of UAE (T: 46oC; UI: 1.84 W.cm-2 and s: 24 min) led to 24.181±0.321%. These predicted optimum conditions were then employed for the two proposed sequential extraction method, sequential ultrasound-microwave assisted extraction (SUMAE) and sequential microwave-ultrasound assisted extraction (SMUAE). Results revealed that the highest WSPs yield (27.172±1.086%) was obtained by initiating the sequential extraction with UAE for 10 minutes followed by MAE treatment for 5 minutes was the best extraction process. Therefore, SUMAE illustrated more efficiency than SMUAE. This concluded that the SUMAE is a more efficient extraction process than the one-step nonconventional extraction methods and was nominated for the upscaling of extracting proteins from E. longifolia roots in pilot and industrial scales

Ultrasound mediated enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose and carboxymethyl cellulose

A recombinant Trichoderma reesei cellulase was used for the ultrasound‐mediated hydrolysis of soluble carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and insoluble cellulose of various particle sizes. The hydrolysis was carried out at low intensity sonication (2.4–11.8 W cm−2 sonication power at the tip of the sonotrode) using 10, 20, and 40% duty cycles. [A duty cycle of 10%, for example, was obtained by sonicating for 1 s followed by a rest period (no sonication) of 9 s.] The reaction pH and temperature were always 4.8 and 50°C, respectively. In all cases, sonication enhanced the rate of hydrolysis relative to nonsonicated controls. The hydrolysis of CMC was characterized by Michaelis‐Menten kinetics. The Michaelis‐Menten parameter of the maximum reaction rate Vmax was enhanced by sonication relative to controls, but the value of the saturation constant Km was reduced. The optimal sonication conditions were found to be a 10% duty cycle and a power intensity of 11.8 W cm−2. Under these conditions, the maximum rate of hydrolysis of soluble CMC was nearly double relative to control. In the hydrolysis of cellulose, an increasing particle size reduced the rate of hydrolysis. At any fixed particle size, sonication at a 10% duty cycle and 11.8 W cm−2 power intensity improved the rate of hydrolysis relative to control. Under the above mentioned optimal sonication conditions, the enzyme lost about 20% of its initial activity in 20 min. Sonication was useful in accelerating the enzyme catalyzed saccharification of cellulose

Sulfide removal from petrochemical wastewater using catalytic wet air oxidation (CWAO) method

The presence of sulfide in wastewater is by the result of biological, physical and chemical processes which mostly takes place in the submerged portion of the sewage collection networks. The rate of sulfide generation depends on several factors including pH, temperature, concentration of organic materials and nutrients, sulfate concentrations, collection system parameters and performance, and the oxidation reduction potential (ORP). Dissolved sulfide could affect biological processes in wastewater treatment plants. Other problems by hydrogen sulfide emission were corrosion of sewer concrete pipes, release of obnoxious odors to the atmosphere, toxicity to sewer workers or human health, water supply and environment pollution, and economic effects. In this research, the main objective was to remove the sulfide content that present in the petrochemical process plant using Catalytic Wet Air Oxidation (CWAO) method.This research was done initially by collecting the wastewater form petrochemical plant. It was followed by the developement of the experimental system in the laboratory to run the preliminary study and the data obtained was use in screening study to detemine the best condition of sulfide removal. The best condition suggested then was optimized using Central Composite Design (CCD) method as a response surface methodology. Three independent factors such as temperature, residence time and catalyst loading that affect the degradation of sulfide are investigated using the 23 factorial analysis. Some of the independent factors were shown to have significant effect on sulfide removals (%). After removing the nonsignificant variables from the model, response surface method was used to obtain the optimum conditions and optimized using central composite design. 13 experiments with 2 factors were designed. These factors (or variables) were: the temperature and the residence time. A full-quadratic polynomial equation between the percentage of sulfide removal (as the response) and the studied parameters are established. The optimum ranges of variables were: 42.5oC for the temperature and 12.5 minutes for the residence time

Physicochemical and Microbiological Analysis of Stingless Bees Honey Collected from Local Market in Malaysia

The growing demand for honey in the market has led to the occurrence of the tampering honey with foreign substances and increases the production of artificial honey. Due to this concern, this study works on the physicochemical and microbial characterization of stingless bee honey. The physicochemical analysis showed that the honey possessed pH (2.51–3.26), free acidity (121.1 to 318.7 meq/kg), moisture (19.4–30.9%), electrical conductivity (0.33–0.69 mS/cm), ash content (2.75–4.31 g/100g), Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) content (35.4 to 461.7 mg/kg) and diastase activity (2.71 to 6.11 DN). Also, sugar profile of honey showed that the honey contained fructose (15.03–32.52 g/100g), glucose (12.17–34.55 g/100g) and sucrose (0.01–7.29 g/100g). The harvested honey, H1, and H2 have the highest potential to become an antibacterial agent to treat disease compared to commercial honey samples because they were active against Gram-negative bacteria. All analyzed samples were within the maximum limit of the quality criteria set by the Malaysian Kelulut Standard and Codex Alimentarius except for free acidity, HMF, and Diastase Number. All the data obtained is vital in order to create a specific statute for stingless bees honey in Malaysia that may help to protect the consumer from purchasing adulterated honey

Physicochemical and Microbiological Analysis of Stingless Bees Honey Collected from Local Market in Malaysia

The growing demand for honey in the market has led to the occurrence of the tampering honey with foreign substances and increases the production of artificial honey. Due to this concern, this study works on the physicochemical and microbial characterization of stingless bee honey. The physicochemical analysis showed that the honey possessed pH (2.51–3.26), free acidity (121.1 to 318.7 meq/kg), moisture (19.4–30.9%), electrical conductivity (0.33–0.69 mS/cm), ash content (2.75–4.31 g/100g), Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) content (35.4 to 461.7 mg/kg) and diastase activity (2.71 to 6.11 DN). Also, sugar profile of honey showed that the honey contained fructose (15.03–32.52g/100g), glucose (12.17–34.55 g/100g) and sucrose (0.01–7.29 g/100g). The harvested honey, H1, and H2 have the highest potential to become an antibacterial agent to treat disease compared to commercial honey samples because they were active against gram-negative bacteria. All analyzed samples were within the maximum limit of the quality criteria set by the Malaysian Kelulut Standard and Codex Alimentarius except for free acidity, HMF, and Diastase Number. All the data obtained is vital in order to create a specific statute for stingless bees honey in Malaysia that may help to protect the consumer from purchasing adulterated honey

Biological macromolecules from algae and their antimicrobial applications

Algae are the dominated diverse group of the unicellular and multicellular organisms in the eukaryotic phylum. They have close resemblance with photosynthetic plants in the form of metabolic pathways, but the actual root systems are not similar. Microalgae can be cultivated using natural or artificial light systems using freshwater, marine water blackish water and even wastewater providing additional benefit by removing nutrients and organic pollutants from wastewater. Peptides (BP) are specific protein fragments that are involved in a wide range of therapeutic activities as antihypertensive, antioxidant, antitumoral, antiproliferative, hypocholesterolemic, and antiinflammatory. Besides, their also involved triggering mechanisms as well as nutritive function that providing the amino acid units as building blocks for new proteins to cells. Microalgae antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have several advantages including gene expression similar to higher plants and cost effective phototrophic cultivation with simple and inexpensive medium and a safe food additive, so oral delivery of AMPs containing algae is possible

Development of paper based amperometric biosensor for glucose content measurement in Malaysian Stingless Bee Honey

Amperometric biosensor for glucose content measurement in Malaysian stingless bee honey was developed using screen printed carbon electrode (SPCE) integrated with paper disc immobilized with enzyme Glucose Oxidase (GOx) using simple physical adsorption method. The paper-based biosensor required only 8 µL of sample solution for glucose analysis. The calibration of glucose biosensor is linear between 0.5 mM to 4.5 mM (R2= 0.9925) and has a detection limit of 0.15 mM. Interference study on several compound affecting the biosensor response and storage stability was investigated. In addition, its performance was demonstrated in the analysis of six honey samples. The results obtained using glucose biosensor was validated by high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method. The addition of glucose in pure honey at various concentration were also tested by this paper-based biosensor where the current obtained shows increasing trend with the addition of glucose. From this research, it can be concluded that, the prototype sensor to determine glucose adulteration in stingless bee honey was successfully developed

Extraction of Gallic Acid from Chromolaena sp. Using Ultrasound-assisted Extraction

Chromolaena sp. is believed to have phytochemical components namely alkaloids, flavonoids, flavone, essential oils, phenolics, saponins, tannins and terpenoids. In this study, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) procedure was performed to extract the gallic acid from Chromolaena sp. UAE is known to be an environmentally green extraction method. This study was carried out with two different parameters which are sonication time and duty cycle. Phytochemical screening result showed the presence of phenolic compound when the dark-green colour of solution was observed. The best operating parameters to maximise the yield were as follows: sonication time of 80 minutes with yield of 3.006 mg/mL and duty cycle of 90% with yield of 3.764 mg/mL. The FT-IR result shows that presence of O-H and alkene group in the extraction samples. From the results, it can be concluded that UAE is an effective method to extract gallic acid from Chromolaena sp. The implication in this study was reducing the extraction time for the production of herbs medicine from natural resource