Role of Wnt5a in Prostate Cancer

Wnt5a is a non-canonical secreted glycoprotein of the Wnt family that plays important roles in organ development and tissue orientation. Previous studies have reported that Wnt5a was upregulated at both mRNA and protein levels in prostate cancer, but information regarding its role in predicting clinical outcome in patients after radical prostatectomy is limited. The aim of the present thesis is to define the role of Wnt5a protein expression in prostate cancer. We started by evaluating Wnt5a protein expression by immunohistochemistry in a large, well-defined and population-based cohort and found Wnt5a protein expression to be upregulated in prostate cancer cells compared to benign epithelium. Interestingly, it predicted a favorable outcome for patients after radical prostatectomy as patients with preserved overexpression of Wnt5a protein in tumor cells had longer biochemical recurrence free time compared to patients with low Wnt5a protein expression. We demonstrated that this effect may be explained by the ability of Wnt5a to impair invasion in prostate cancer cells as recombinant Wnt5a treatment decreased invasion in 22Rv1 and DU145 cells while Wnt5a knockdown resulted in increase in invasion in LNCaP and 22Rv1 cells. In the light of conflicting reports on the role of Wnt5a in prostate cancer outcome, we validated our findings in an external population-based cohort. Again, we showed that Wnt5a protein expression was predictive of recurrence after radical prostatectomy in patients with low-grade prostate cancer and this was further enhanced whenWnt5a was combined with prostate cancer tissue biomarkers of known predictive value. We also demonstrated a positive correlation between Wnt5a and ERG protein expressions and that high Wnt5a protein and presence of ERG expression predicted a more favorable outcome. Despite this we observed that rWnt5a treatment of VCaP cells significantly decreased their ERG protein expression. Therefore, the relation between Wnt5a and ERG clearly need further exploration to better understand their functional interplay. In conclusion, our study indicates a tumor suppressor function of Wnt5a protein in localized PCa and that it can be used as a predictive tissue biomarker. Further, we suggest a novel therapeutic approach for patients with localized PCa targeting Wnt5a signaling to impair progression of PCa in these patients by using a Wnt5a mimicking peptide (Foxy5)

GASTROPROTECTIVE POTENTIAL OF LASIA SPINOSA IN ALBINO RATS

Objective: The intent of the present study was to assess the gastroprotective impact of Lasia spinosa leaf ethanolic concentrate (LSEE) by method of Indomethacin and Cold Restrain stress induced Ulcers in Albino rats. Lasia spinosa is a plant found in Assam on rough slope top of dry deciduous timberlands.Methods: Indomethacin 5mg/kg body weight p. o; for five days and Cold restraint stress models, were utilized for actuating gastric ulcers in rats. Biochemical parameters such as Glutathione, Malondialdehyde, acidity, Gastric volume, gastric pH were determined in order to assess the gastro protective activity of LSEE in both the models.Results: Treatment of rats with Indomethacin and subjecting them to Cold restraint stress (CRS) elevated the levels of Gastric volume, acidity, Glutathione, Malondialdehyde and gastric pH in negative control group in comparison with normal group. The elevated levels were significantly reversed when treated with standard drug Ranitidine 50 mg/kg body weight p. o; and Lasia spinosa leaf ethanolic extracts (LSEE).Conclusion: All in all it can be expressed that Lasia spinosa leaf ethanolic concentrates demonstrated a critical inversion of ulcerative parameters. It could be imagined that it applies its action because of the vicinity of flavonoids which have been accounted for to secure the mucosa by development of a defensive layer.Â

Mitochondrial DNA, a Powerful Tool to Decipher Ancient Human Civilization from Domestication to Music, and to Uncover Historical Murder Cases

© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).Mitochondria are unique organelles carrying their own genetic material, independent from that in the nucleus. This review will discuss the nature of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and its levels in the cell, which are the key elements to consider when trying to achieve molecular identification in ancient and degraded samples. mtDNA sequence analysis has been appropriately validated and is a consistent molecular target for the examination of biological evidence encountered in forensic cases-and profiling, in certain conditions-especially for burnt bodies and degraded samples of all types. Exceptional cases and samples will be discussed in this review, such as mtDNA from leather in Beethoven's grand piano, mtDNA in mummies, and solving famous historical criminal cases. In addition, this review will be discussing the use of ancient mtDNA to understand past human diet, to trace historical civilizations and ancient trade routes, and to uncover geographical domestication origins and lineage relationships. In each topic, we will present the power of mtDNA and how, in many cases, no nuclear DNA was left, leaving mitochondrial DNA analysis as a powerful alternative. Exploring this powerful tool further will be extremely useful to modern science and researchers, due to its capabilities in providing us with previously unattainable knowledge.Peer reviewedFinal Published versio

The role of PIP5K1α/pAKT and targeted inhibition of growth of subtypes of breast cancer using PIP5K1α inhibitor

Despite recent improvement in adjuvant therapies, triple-negative, and ER+ subtypes of breast cancer (BC) with metastatic potentials remain the leading cause of BC-related deaths. We investigated the role of phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase alpha (PIP5Kα), a key upstream factor of PI3K/AKT, and the therapeutic effect of PIP5Kα inhibitor on subtypes of BC. The clinical importance of PIP5K1α and its association with survivals were analyzed using three BC cohorts from Nottingham (n = 913), KM plotter (n = 112) and TCGA (n = 817). Targeted overexpression or knockdown of PIP5K1α were introduced into BC cell lines. The effects of PIP5K1α and its inhibitor on growth and invasion of BC were confirmed by using in vitro assays including proliferation, migration, apoptosis and luciferase reporter assays and in vivo xenograft mouse models. All statistical tests were two-sided. PIP5K1α was associated with poor patient outcome in triple-negative BC (for PIP5K1α protein, p = 0.011 and for mRNA expression, p = 0.028, log-rank test). 29% of triple-negative BC had PIP5K1A gene amplification. Elevated level of PIP5K1α increased expression of pSer-473 AKT (p < 0.001) and invasiveness of triple-negative MDA-MB-231 cells (p < 0.001). Conversely, inhibition of PIP5K1α using its inhibitor ISA-2011B, or via knockdown suppressed growth and invasiveness of MDA-MB-231 xenografts (mean vehicle-treated controls = 2160 mm3, and mean ISA-2011B-treated = 600 mm3, p < 0.001). ISA-2011B-treatment reduced expression of pSer-473 AKT (p < 0.001) and its downstream effectors including cyclin D1, VEGF and its receptors, VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 (p < 0.001) in xenograft tumors. In ER+ cancer cells, PIP5K1α acted on pSer-473 AKT, and was in complexes with VEGFR2, serving as co-factor of ER-alpha to regulate activities of target genes including cyclin D1 and CDK1. Our study suggests that our developed PIP5K1α inhibitor has a great potential on refining targeted therapeutics for treatment of triple-negative and ER+ BC with abnormal PI3K/AKT pathways

Convalescent plasma in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised controlled, open-label, platform trial

SummaryBackground Azithromycin has been proposed as a treatment for COVID-19 on the basis of its immunomodulatoryactions. We aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of azithromycin in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19.Methods In this randomised, controlled, open-label, adaptive platform trial (Randomised Evaluation of COVID-19Therapy [RECOVERY]), several possible treatments were compared with usual care in patients admitted to hospitalwith COVID-19 in the UK. The trial is underway at 176 hospitals in the UK. Eligible and consenting patients wererandomly allocated to either usual standard of care alone or usual standard of care plus azithromycin 500 mg once perday by mouth or intravenously for 10 days or until discharge (or allocation to one of the other RECOVERY treatmentgroups). Patients were assigned via web-based simple (unstratified) randomisation with allocation concealment andwere twice as likely to be randomly assigned to usual care than to any of the active treatment groups. Participants andlocal study staff were not masked to the allocated treatment, but all others involved in the trial were masked to theoutcome data during the trial. The primary outcome was 28-day all-cause mortality, assessed in the intention-to-treatpopulation. The trial is registered with ISRCTN, 50189673, and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04381936.Findings Between April 7 and Nov 27, 2020, of 16 442 patients enrolled in the RECOVERY trial, 9433 (57%) wereeligible and 7763 were included in the assessment of azithromycin. The mean age of these study participants was65·3 years (SD 15·7) and approximately a third were women (2944 [38%] of 7763). 2582 patients were randomlyallocated to receive azithromycin and 5181 patients were randomly allocated to usual care alone. Overall,561 (22%) patients allocated to azithromycin and 1162 (22%) patients allocated to usual care died within 28 days(rate ratio 0·97, 95% CI 0·87–1·07; p=0·50). No significant difference was seen in duration of hospital stay (median10 days [IQR 5 to >28] vs 11 days [5 to >28]) or the proportion of patients discharged from hospital alive within 28 days(rate ratio 1·04, 95% CI 0·98–1·10; p=0·19). Among those not on invasive mechanical ventilation at baseline, nosignificant difference was seen in the proportion meeting the composite endpoint of invasive mechanical ventilationor death (risk ratio 0·95, 95% CI 0·87–1·03; p=0·24).Interpretation In patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19, azithromycin did not improve survival or otherprespecified clinical outcomes. Azithromycin use in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 should be restrictedto patients in whom there is a clear antimicrobial indication

Studies of Influence of Ionic strengths of Cu (II) metal ion complex with Rubeanic acid by P H -metric technique

Abstract: The interaction of Cu (II

Immunotherapy-induced auto-splenectomy in a patient of malignant melanoma

Immune checkpoint inhibitors like programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) are biological agents that help in boosting the immune system of the body to fight against cancer cells. These checkpoint inhibitors are now being approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat various malignancies due to remarkable response. Here, we present a rare immune-related adverse event in a 77-year-old female with metastatic melanoma treated with ipilimumab and nivolumab, later presented with auto-splenectomy

STEADY FLOW OF MICRO POLAR FLUID IN A PIPE WITH POROUS WALLS

Livesy investigated the radial flow of incompressible fluid between the plates. The assumption of fixed velocity profile leads to an inconsistency which can be of significant consequence. Bird pointed out in the flow regime where the inertia forces are important. The velocity must depart from a parabolic pattern.this is true even at large radii where the effects are negligible. Savage solved the problem of source flow between parallel disks