Rural Savings: Their Magnitude, Determinants, and Mobilisation

The general view about the rural population in Pakistan is that a vast majority of it has a deplorably low standard of living. The incomes of most of the rural people are so low that one wonders how they manage to survive. Studies on poverty in the country show that the incidence and the intensity of poverty in the villages is much higher than in the towns. Yet the available data about rural incomes and family budgets show that the average propensity of the rural households to save is much higher than the national average. Several questions need to be answered in this regard. Are the data about rural incomes and expenditures reliable? Are the findings a consistent feature over time or only a temporary phenomenon for a year or so? Do only larger farmers save or do the smaller peasants and non-farm rural people also manage to save? Is this finding unique only to our rural populace or is there evidence of similar findings from elsewhere? What is the possible rationale for this unusual saving behaviour? What is the magnitude of rural savings and what could be their role in rural development? Finally, how could these savings be encouraged and mobilised? This paper aims at exploring and answering these questions with the help of whatever data are available. Apart from the Introduction, the paper is divided into five sections. In the first section, we present evidence of high rates of rural savings in Pakistan and some other countries. Section 2 discusses the rationale of this savings behaviour and the determinants of rural savings. In Section 3, we examine the magnitude of rural savings and their possible role in rural development. Section 4 deals with the problem of mobilisation of rural savings. The final section sums up the discussion

Synthesis and Characterization of Amine Intercalated Ca-Bentonite

This report basically discusses the research done and basic understanding of the chosen topic, which is Syntheses and Characterization of Amine Intercalated Ca-Bentonite. The objective of the project is to develop clay which has been intercalated with various types of amine solvents. Research was done to develop clays intercalated with suitable molecules and surface treated as well as to study the characterization of the intercalated materials. This report will further discuss on the structure and the composition of the clay mineral, besides indulging deeper on the physical and chemical properties of Bentonite clay, or commonly known as Smectites. This report will also further discuss on types of amines and their physical properties. Next, the report will discuss on the experimental procedures involved in this project. The results from the experiment will be discussed in the end of this report which basically covers the characterization processes on different types of intercalated and pure bentonite clays

Tax Pilferage—Causes and Cures

“Tax pilferage” is an English equivalent of the well-known Urdu phrase “Tax Chori”. The formal expression is tax evasion. To begin with, we draw a distinction between tax evasion and tax avoidance. Tax evasion is defined to include all illegal acts of omission and commission which result in tax loss to the exchequer. According to the United Kingdom Royal Commission on the Taxation of Profits and Income, the term “evasion”: “...denotes all those activities which are responsible for a person not paying the tax that the existing law charges upon his income. Ex hypothesis he is in the wrong, though his wrongdoing may range from the making of a deliberately fraudulent return to a mere failure to make his return or to pay his tax at the proper time.” [U. K. (1955).] To be more specific, evasion refers to the nonpayment of tax as a result of failure to submit a return without reasonable excuse, or underpayment of tax, by submitting an incorrect return where incorrectness is due to gross neglect or fraud, or due to omission, or understatement of income or the deduction of an inadmissible or a fictitious expenditure, or loss

On the measurement of employment intensity of agricultural growth

Employment is the bedrock of a functioning economy for any nation wishing to progress and prosper. It is of great importance for policy makers to be able to measure the employment intensity of a nation’s economy to identify regions of productive employment growth. Employment intensity has traditionally been measured in relation national economic growth typically as ratios. However, ratios are naturally biased and unbalanced. This does not allow the observer to take into account the differences in regions that may differ greatly in socioeconomic structure. For instance, some regions may be mired in poverty while others prosper greatly although both may show employment growth. This may instead indicate that employment is transferring from low productivity sectors into high productivity sectors instead of actual growth in the agricultural sector. Thus, we propose a new measure of employment growth focusing on the agricultural sector which we call the “Employment Intensity Index” which is symmetrical, proportional and scale invariant to regional differences. The index provides a single number that is comparable, simple and growth sensitive across all types of economic sectors across all differing policies within those sectors/regions regardless of the GDP/geographic size of sector/region. We then proceed to show its applicability

Efficiency of Fixed-Width Transect and Line-Transect-based Distance Sampling to Survey Red Junglefowl (Gallus gallus spadiceus) in Peninsular Malaysia

Reliable survey method is very important to estimate wildlife population. In this study, fixed-width strip- and line-transect samplings were simultaneously used to yield population estimates on oil palm plantation. The latter was found to be more accurate but less precise than the former based on the Per cent Relative Bias (hereafter PRB). Using the strip-transect, an overall density and abundance were estimated at 0.3237 birds/ha and 3 018 ± 273 birds (CV = 9.05%), respectively. An unbiased overall density generated by line-transect, D ± S.E. = 0.500 ± 0.069 birds/ha (95% CI: 0.38137 - 0.65521) and estimated total abundance, N ± S.E. was 4 661 ± 644 birds (95% CI: 3 556 - 6 109; CV = 13.81%) for the entire 9 323.53 ha study area. The former and latter method gave relative and absolute estimates, respectively

The feasibility of using line-transect-based distance sampling to survey Red Junglefowl (Gallus gallus spadiceus Bonnaterre) in Peninsular Malaysia

Population management of exploited species requires information on absolute density and abundance through reliable survey methods available. The baseline information is further needed for population dynamics studies and to determine conservation status. In the case of gamebird management in Peninsular Malaysia, the current population size of Red Junglefowl (RJF) is totally unknown because no official attempt to estimate it has been made in previous years. In this study, line transect based Distance Sampling was used to yield population estimates in palm oil plantation. Data from aural and visual counts were combined to calculate overall estimates. Results indicated that an unbiased overall density and abundance of RJF generated by this method for the entire 9,323.53 ha study area., was estimated at, D±S.E.=0.500±0.069 birds/ha (95% CI: 0.381-0.655) and, N±S.E.=4,661±644 birds (95% CI: 3,556-6,109; CV=13.81%), respectively. The cluster size of the species was estimated at, E(s)±S.E.=2.471±0.144 birds/flock (95% CI: 2.202-2.772; CV=5.82%)

Pengaruh Punguan Pomparan Raja Naiambaton (Parna) pada Pemilukada Kabupaten Simalungun Tahun 2016

Kinship system is referred to as Batak Association, such as Punguan Pomparan Raja Naiambaton (PARNA) that located in District of Simalungun. The purpose of this study to determine and describe the influence factors of Parna Association in the election District of Simalungun 2016. The theory used is theory of identity politics with primordial approach. This research method is descriptive qualitative. Research data collection techniques by observation, interview and documents. The results of this study found that Parna Association legitimacy as a majority is dominating community in District of Simalungun at the election by supporting one candidate regent that have relation. People in District of Simalungun still give prioritize aboriginal to become a leader in the region that can be seen from the way determining the choice of candidates still based on several factors: blood ties, races, religions, and regions

Persepsi Masyarakat Kampung Kusamba terhadap Makna Politik Multikulturalisme

ABSTRACK Multiculturalism that occurred in the village kusamba to explain how the public perception of the village kusamba to the meaning of the politics of multiculturalism in klungkung, revealed how the patterns of relationship Muslim-Hindu of Bali. Perception in the village Kusamba be classified into three parts, namely, the public perception among the elite, the public perception among the middle and the public perception of society, common perception has the classified into three parts to know how the difference, justice and equality of each of the public perception in home village kusamba and village kusamba to the meaning of the politics of multiculturalism that happened. As a step a theoretical, this study uses the theory of multiculturalism which was said to be an amplifier to create the harmony among religious in the village of Kusamba who have the diversity of culture and religion. the religious harmony the village kusamba not only on tolerance, but.equality of all elements of society that materialized in the whole social, cultural, even in the political space. The method used in this study is the method of qualitative descriptive, while the techniques of collecting data through interviews, study documentation and analysis of documents. In the analysis of the findings in the field showed that there are differences and similarities to the public perception in the village kusamba and the values of multiculturalism that is embedded in generations and how a society able to cling to tolerance has been undertaken for a long time until today

Figuritas dalam Politik Lokal (Studi: Keterpilihan Calon Legislatif di Kabupaten Tuban Tahun 2014)

ABSTRACK figure is the first factor in winning the general election. These factors capable of delivering from PKB party seat legislative council in the district of Tuban. This study aims determine as far as of influence the PKB candidate figure legislative to give winning in district of Palang while 1999-2014. This study uses qualitative research method by study elected legislative candidate. Sources data in this study uses primary sources and secondary sources. Technical gathering data can do by serious interview with informants has determined and gathering documents are related to study material. The findings in this study that, the PKB party victory in the District Cross Rofi'udin pioneered by figures who have achievements and the idea of renewal in the art of Islam. Among them is the art of propaganda tongklek and social activities undertaken by the students MA Al-Mustofawiyah. Tongklek art is a means to draw attention to more mature voters, whereas in social service conducted targeted at first-time voters. Conclusion from this study is influence the figure Rofi'uddin selected because of there are image has given from society by means of achievement, contribution to NU along with entrusted missionary endeavor from Kiai. Meanwhile, in sphere NU still trust with the mean sendikoh dawoh marang Kiai (all of command from Kiai is doing by Santri and society)