Orbital Forcing and Evolution of the Southern African Monsoon From Late Miocene to Early Pliocene

This research used samples provided by the International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP). The authors thank to Editor Dr. Ursula Röhl, Dr. Christian Zeeden, and the anonymous reviewer for improving the quality of our study providing critical review of it. The authors thank to the Operational Oceanography and Paleoceanography Laboratory (LOOP—Brazil), the Andalusian Earth Sciences Institute (IACT—Spain), the University of Granada (UGR—Spain), and the University of Salamanca (USAL—Spain) for all infrastructure and support. The first author thanks to the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—CAPES for Ph.D. fellowship (process 88887.372122/2019‐00). FJJE and CE has been supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (Grant CTM2017‐89711‐C2‐1‐P), cofunded by the European Union through FEDER funds.The late Miocene-early Pliocene (7.4-4.5 Ma) is a key interval in Earth's history where intense reorganization of atmospheric and ocean circulation occurred within a global cooling scenario. The Southern African monsoon (SAFM) potentially played an important role in climate systems variability during this interval. However, the dynamics of this important atmospheric system is poorly understood due to the scarcity of continuous records. Here, we present an exceptional continuous late Miocene to early Pliocene reconstruction of SAFM based on elemental geochemistry (Ca/Ti and Si/K ratios), stable isotope geochemistry (δ18O and δ13C recorded in the planktonic foraminifera Orbulina universa), and marine sediment grain size data from the International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Site U1476 located at the entrance of the Mozambique Channel. Spectral characteristics of the Si/K ratio (fluvial input) was used to identify the main orbital forcing controlling SAFM. Precession cycles governed precipitation from 7.4 to ∼6.9 Ma and during the early Pliocene. From ∼6.9 to ∼5.9 Ma, the precession and long eccentricity cycles drove the SAFM. The major Antarctic ice sheet expansion across this interval appear to influence the isotopic records of O. universa imprinting its long-term variability signal as a response to the ocean and atmospheric reorganization. Precession cycles markedly weakened from 5.9 to 5.3 Ma, almost the same period when the Mediterranean Outflow Water ceased. These findings highlight important teleconnections among the SAFM, Mediterranean Sea, and other tropical regions.Andalusian Earth Sciences InstituteIACTInternational Ocean Discovery ProgramUniversity of SalamancaEuropean Commission ECCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior 88887.372122/2019-00 CAPESFEDERMinisterio de Ciencia e Innovación CTM2017‐89711‐C2‐1‐P MICINNUniversidad de Granada UGRUniversidad de Salamanca USA

Hydrological influence on the evolution of a subtropical mangrove ecosystem during the late Holocene from Babitonga Bay, Brazil

Mangroves are key ecosystems which respond to global changes in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. We describe late Holocene mangroves that established close to the southernmost limit (28°S) for this type of ecosystem in South America. Our findings are based on a C dated core obtained from Babitonga Bay, Santa Catarina State, Brazil (26°12′S, 48°33′W). Analysis of palynology, sedimentary facies, isotopic and elemental data shows that mangrove establishment took place ~500 yrs. B.C.E., following an increase in humidity, and expanded further during the Roman Warm Period and at the end of Dark Age Cold Period. Mangrove and precipitation proxies records appear to be sensitive to rainfall patterns imposed both by the expansion/retraction of the Intertropical Convergence Zone and also the interaction with the South Atlantic Subtropical Anticyclone which affects coastal region due to sea surface temperature variations.The authors thank the Coastal Dynamic Laboratory (LADIC-UFPA) , C-14 Laboratory of the Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture (CENA-USP) , University of Joinville (UNIVILLE) and Radiocarbon Laboratory (LAC-UFF) for all infrastructure and support. We also thank three anonymous Reviewers and Prof. H. Falcon-Lang for their constructive comments. The first and third author thanks Brazilian Council for Technology and Science-CNPq for fellowship (process 131813/2016-1 , 165911/2015-8 and 305074/2017-2 ). This study was financed by CNPq ( 445111/2014-3 , 405060/2013- 0 ) and FAPESP ( 2011/00995-7 , 2017/03304-1, and 2020/13715-1 ). This study also was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal Nível Superior – Brazil (CAPES) – Finance Code 001

Orbital forcing and evolution of the Southern African Monsoon from late Miocene to early Pliocene

The late Miocene-early Pliocene (7.4-4.5 Ma) is a key interval in Earth's history where intense reorganization of atmospheric and ocean circulation occurred within a global cooling scenario. The Southern African monsoon (SAFM) potentially played an important role in climate systems variability during this interval. However, the dynamics of this important atmospheric system is poorly understood due to the scarcity of continuous records. Here, we present an exceptional continuous late Miocene to early Pliocene reconstruction of SAFM based on elemental geochemistry (Ca/Ti and Si/K ratios), stable isotope geochemistry (δ18O and δ13C recorded in the planktonic foraminifera Orbulina universa), and marine sediment grain size data from the International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Site U1476 located at the entrance of the Mozambique Channel. Spectral characteristics of the Si/K ratio (fluvial input) was used to identify the main orbital forcing controlling SAFM. Precession cycles governed precipitation from 7.4 to ∼6.9 Ma and during the early Pliocene. From ∼6.9 to ∼5.9 Ma, the precession and long eccentricity cycles drove the SAFM. The major Antarctic ice sheet expansion across this interval appear to influence the isotopic records of O. universa imprinting its long-term variability signal as a response to the ocean and atmospheric reorganization. Precession cycles markedly weakened from 5.9 to 5.3 Ma, almost the same period when the Mediterranean Outflow Water ceased. These findings highlight important teleconnections among the SAFM, Mediterranean Sea, and other tropical regions

Efeitos das mudanças climáticas nos manguezais de Santa Catarina durante o Holoceno Tardio

The objective of this work was studying the mangrove starting on the coastal plain of Babitonga Bay, southeastern Brazil. A sediment core with 2 m depth was sampled through Russian sampler. Pollen data, sedimentary features, geochemistry data (δ13C, Ntotal e TOC- Total Organic Carbon) were integrated with 14C dating. The deposit started since at least 1.678-1.285 cal yr BP. In this core was possible to distinguish three facies association: i) tidal channel, without mangrove (δ13C = -24,1 a -27,7‰ e C/N 0,59 a 2,24); ii) tidal plain (δ13C = -22,7 a -26,4‰ e C/N = 1,16 a 14,5) which reveals the beginning mangrove development, and 606 cal yr BP until the present: iii) mangrove (δ13C = -22,4 a -25,1‰ e C/N = 13,2 a 47,7) with an apparent expansion of this ecosystem. The data shows that region was marked a climate change during the Late Holocene. The climate change resulted in a mangrove installation/development with first Laguncularia presence. Between 606 cal yr BP until the present was observed a mangrove developing/expansion with biodiversity increasing, due to an Avicennia and Rhizophora presence. The Rhizophora presence is related to the atmospheric temperature increase and/or sea surface temperature. Rhizophora trees show greater sensitivity to low temperatures. In this context, to understanding a mangrove dynamic during Late Holocene becomes a great tool for coastal paleoenvironmental analysis. This ecosystem is a great index of these changes.CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e TecnológicoA presente pesquisa objetivou investigar a chegada do manguezal ao litoral Norte de Santa Catarina, na Baía de Babitonga. Para isso, foi coletado um testemunho sedimentar de 2 m de profundidade, com a utilização de um trado russo. Foi realizada a integração das análises polínicas, sedimentares, granulométricas, geoquímicas (δ13C, Ntotal e COT-carbono orgânico total) e datações 14C. A formação do depósito sedimentar analisado iniciou pelo menos entre o intervalo de 1.678 e 1.285 anos Cal AP. Nesse testemunho foi possível distinguir três associações de fácies: i) canal de maré, sem manguezal (δ13C = -24,1 a -27,7‰ e C/N 0,59 a 2,24); ii) planície de maré (δ13C = -22,7 a -26,4‰ e C/N = 1,16 a 14,5) que revela o início do desenvolvimento do manguezal e, de aproximadamente 606 anos Cal AP até o presente, o iii) manguezal (δ13C = -22,4 a -25,1‰ e C/N = 13,2 a 47,7) com a aparente expansão deste ecossistema. Portanto, podemos inferir que a região Norte de Santa Catarina experimentou, durante o Holoceno tardio, uma variação climática local marcada no conjunto de dados polínico e geoquímicos em torno de pouco mais de 1.285 anos Cal AP. Essa oscilação climática é acompanhada da instalação do manguezal com a presença expressiva de Laguncularia. A partir de 606 anos Cal AP até o presente observou-se a expansão do manguezal com aumento da sua biodiversidade, devido à instalação e desenvolvimento dos gêneros Avicennia e Rhizophora. A instalação do gênero Rhizophora está relacionada ao aumento de temperatura da atmosfera e/ou da superfície do mar, pois essas árvores apresentam maior sensibilidade às temperaturas relativamente mais baixas. Nesse contexto, a compreensão da dinâmica dos manguezais durante o Holoceno tardio torna-se uma excelente ferramenta para a análise paleoambiental costeira, pois esse ecossistema é um indicador dessas mudanças