DYNAMICS OF CARBON, NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS AND POTASSIUM UNDER DIFFERENT Tithonia diversifolia MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS IN A TROPICAL ALFISOL: A GREENHOUSE BIOASSAY

The research investigated the dynamics of C, N, P and K under different Tithonia management options.Changes in soil N and P showed significant increase in these nutrients in treatment with incorporatedTithonia + NPK and Mulched Tithonia + NPK respectively. There was a reduction in the soil K at6 WAP in all the treatments except those with NPK and mulched Tithonia. Generally, there was a sustainedincrease in soil organic carbon in all the treatments. There was an increase in N and P contentsof maize plant with successive cycles thus indicating residual effect, most pronounced in treatmentwith incorporated Tithonia + NPK. However, there is the need for K supplementation at the secondmaize cycle. Maize biomass yield indicated the possibility of two cycles with mulched or incorporatedTithonia + NPK fertilizers as most promising option. Economic feasibility should, however, be considered

Assessing the Impacts of Rico Gado Feed Mill on its Surrounding Communities – A Sustainable Development Approach

Uncontrolled expansion of agro-allied factories on agricultural farmlands usually impact on the socio economic and environmental quality thereby threatening the livelihoods of inhabitants of such communities. Rico Gado feed mill was established to produce feeds for livestock that could help diffuse the conflicts between farmers and herdsmen that compete over land. This research assesses the impact of the physical and socio-economic characteristics of Hosere and Wuro Jauro Bappa communities affected by Rico Gado, with a view to identify existing problems and proffer solutions. The study observed that about 60% of respondents from Hosere and 57% from Wuro Jauro Bappa engage in farming. Despite the acquisition of the land upon which the communities farm and rear livestock, only about 6% - 7% of the people are employed in the factory. The factory has not impacted positively on the income of residents and low income is evident as 25% of respondents earn between N5,000- N10,000 monthly in Wuro Jauro Bappa, while 50% earn N10000 – N20000 in both communities, and about 50% in Hosere and only 25% in Wuro Jauro Bappa earn above N20000. The resulting unemployment rate coined with inadequate infrastructural facilities led to increasing poverty, forcing other residents to relocate elsewhere. The study therefore recommend sustainable development strategies to promote development that impact positively on environmental quality, and encourage desirable physical, economic and socio-economic conditions, in intergenerational manner to circumvent consequent dislodgment of the communities. Keywords: Factory Farming, Physical and Socio-Economic Impact, Sustainable Developmen

TÉCNICAS INDÍGENAS DE PREVENCIÓN DE LA MORBILIDAD INFANTIL EN EL ÁREA METROPOLITANA DE IBADAN, NIGERIA

The high cost of allopathic medical health care and the expensive pharmaceutical products have underlined the importance of African Traditional Medicine (ATM), the use of which is limited by its oral dissemination tradition. Its documentation as obtainable in other climes will be a great stride at sustainably curbing illnesses in the continent. This depends on collation of original data from the traditional custodians of such knowledge. In Nigeria, communicable diseases, immunisable childhood infections and malnutrition have been submitted as the main sources of child mortality. This paper, therefore, reports the traditional means of curbing infant morbidity by traditional infant healers in Ibadan metropolis, Nigeria. The study was conducted in Bode market, Ibadan; the herbal market headquarters in Nigeria using primary and secondary information sources. Snowball technique was used in the selection of the twenty (20) infant healers (Elewe omo/Aremo) for sampling. The test instrument was a set of open-ended questionnaires divided into three parts. Section A captured information on Respondents’ bio- data, section B focused on other background information while section C probed into plants and parts used in the treatment of infant morbidity as well as dosage and usage of traditional infant healing recipes. Data garnered were analysed using descriptive statistics (frequency, range, mean, percentage and histogram). Eighty-nine local plants, identified with their botanical names and families were documented alongside their medicinal use(s) in the treatment of infant morbidity. Information on some recipes, dosages and application period was also documented with their preparation as well as parts of plant used. Although, there will still be the need for researchers to explore other vital information for scientific validation of the infant healers’ claims, the study lays a sustainable foundation towards documentation of indigenous techniques for infant morbidity prevention in the study area.El alto costo de la atención médica alopática y los costosos productos farmacéuticos han subrayado la importancia de la Medicina Tradicional Africana (ATM), cuyo uso está limitado por su tradición de difusión oral. Su documentación como disponible en otros climas será un gran paso para frenar de manera sostenible las enfermedades en el continente. Esto depende de la recopilación de datos originales de los custodios tradicionales de dicho conocimiento. En Nigeria, las enfermedades transmisibles, las infecciones infantiles vacunables y la desnutrición se han presentado como las principales fuentes de mortalidad infantil. Este documento, por lo tanto, informa sobre los medios tradicionales para frenar la morbilidad infantil por parte de los curanderos infantiles tradicionales en la metrópolis de Ibadan, Nigeria. El estudio se realizó en el mercado de Bode, Ibadan; la sede del mercado de hierbas en Nigeria utilizando fuentes de información primarias y secundarias. Se utilizó la técnica de bola de nieve en la selección de los veinte (20) curanderos infantiles (Elewe omo/Aremo) para el muestreo. El instrumento de prueba fue un conjunto de cuestionarios abiertos divididos en tres partes. La sección A capturó información sobre los datos biográficos de los encuestados, la sección B se centró en otra información de antecedentes, mientras que la sección C investigó las plantas y las partes utilizadas en el tratamiento de la morbilidad infantil, así como la dosis y el uso de las recetas tradicionales de curación infantil. Los datos recogidos se analizaron mediante estadística descriptiva (frecuencia, rango, media, porcentaje e histograma). Ochenta y nueve plantas locales, identificadas con sus nombres botánicos y familias, fueron documentadas junto con su(s) uso(s) medicinal(es) en el tratamiento de la morbilidad infantil. También se documentó información sobre algunas recetas, dosis y período de aplicación con su preparación, así como las partes de la planta utilizadas. Aunque todavía será necesario que los investigadores exploren otra información vital para la validación científica de las afirmaciones de los curanderos infantiles, el estudio sienta una base sostenible para la documentación de las técnicas indígenas para la prevención de la morbilidad infantil en el área de estudio.O alto custo dos cuidados de saúde médicos alopáticos e os caros produtos farmacêuticos sublinharam a importância da Medicina Tradicional Africana (ATM), cujo uso é limitado pela sua tradição de disseminação oral. Sua documentação obtida em outros climas será um grande passo na contenção sustentável de doenças no continente. Isso depende da coleta de dados originais dos guardiões tradicionais de tal conhecimento. Na Nigéria, doenças transmissíveis, infecções infantis imunizáveis ​​e desnutrição foram apresentadas como as principais fontes de mortalidade infantil. Este artigo, portanto, relata os meios tradicionais de reduzir a morbidade infantil por curandeiros infantis tradicionais na metrópole de Ibadan, Nigéria. O estudo foi realizado no mercado Bode, Ibadan; a sede do mercado de ervas na Nigéria usando fontes de informação primárias e secundárias. A técnica de bola de neve foi usada na seleção dos vinte (20) curandeiros infantis (Elewe omo/Aremo) para amostragem. O instrumento de teste foi um conjunto de questionários abertos divididos em três partes. A seção A captou informações sobre os dados biográficos dos entrevistados, a seção B concentrou-se em outras informações básicas, enquanto a seção C investigou plantas e partes usadas no tratamento de morbidade infantil, bem como dosagem e uso de receitas tradicionais de cura infantil. Os dados coletados foram analisados ​​por meio de estatística descritiva (frequência, amplitude, média, porcentagem e histograma). Oitenta e nove plantas locais, identificadas com seus nomes botânicos e famílias, foram documentadas juntamente com seu(s) uso(s) medicinal(is) no tratamento da morbidade infantil. Informações sobre algumas receitas, dosagens e período de aplicação também foram documentadas com sua preparação, bem como partes da planta utilizadas. Embora ainda haja a necessidade de os pesquisadores explorarem outras informações vitais para a validação científica das alegações dos curandeiros infantis, o estudo estabelece uma base sustentável para a documentação de técnicas indígenas para prevenção de morbidade infantil na área de estudo

Karyotypic studies of four Physalis species from Nigeria

Mitotic chromosomes from root tips of four Nigerian Physalis species were investigated using standard cytogenetic methods. P. angulata has chromosome number of 2n = 48 with karyotypic formula of 2M + 5m + 16sm + 1st, while P. micrantha, P. peruviana and P. pubescens showed the same chromosome number of 2n = 24 with karyotypic formulae of 1M + 1m + 9sm + 1st, 4M + 6m + 1sm + 1st and 1M + 1 m + 2sm + 8st, respectively. The karyotypes show that P. angulata is more advanced when compared to the other three diploids studied

TÉCNICAS INDÍGENAS DE PREVENCIÓN DE LA MORBILIDAD INFANTIL EN EL ÁREA METROPOLITANA DE IBADAN, NIGERIA

The high cost of allopathic medical health care and the expensive pharmaceutical products have underlined the importance of African Traditional Medicine (ATM), the use of which is limited by its oral dissemination tradition. Its documentation as obtainable in other climes will be a great stride at sustainably curbing illnesses in the continent. This depends on collation of original data from the traditional custodians of such knowledge. In Nigeria, communicable diseases, immunisable childhood infections and malnutrition have been submitted as the main sources of child mortality. This paper, therefore, reports the traditional means of curbing infant morbidity by traditional infant healers in Ibadan metropolis, Nigeria. The study was conducted in Bode market, Ibadan; the herbal market headquarters in Nigeria using primary and secondary information sources. Snowball technique was used in the selection of the twenty (20) infant healers (Elewe omo/Aremo) for sampling. The test instrument was a set of open-ended questionnaires divided into three parts. Section A captured information on Respondents’ bio- data, section B focused on other background information while section C probed into plants and parts used in the treatment of infant morbidity as well as dosage and usage of traditional infant healing recipes. Data garnered were analysed using descriptive statistics (frequency, range, mean, percentage and histogram). Eighty-nine local plants, identified with their botanical names and families were documented alongside their medicinal use(s) in the treatment of infant morbidity. Information on some recipes, dosages and application period was also documented with their preparation as well as parts of plant used. Although, there will still be the need for researchers to explore other vital information for scientific validation of the infant healers’ claims, the study lays a sustainable foundation towards documentation of indigenous techniques for infant morbidity prevention in the study area.El alto costo de la atención médica alopática y los costosos productos farmacéuticos han subrayado la importancia de la Medicina Tradicional Africana (ATM), cuyo uso está limitado por su tradición de difusión oral. Su documentación como disponible en otros climas será un gran paso para frenar de manera sostenible las enfermedades en el continente. Esto depende de la recopilación de datos originales de los custodios tradicionales de dicho conocimiento. En Nigeria, las enfermedades transmisibles, las infecciones infantiles vacunables y la desnutrición se han presentado como las principales fuentes de mortalidad infantil. Este documento, por lo tanto, informa sobre los medios tradicionales para frenar la morbilidad infantil por parte de los curanderos infantiles tradicionales en la metrópolis de Ibadan, Nigeria. El estudio se realizó en el mercado de Bode, Ibadan; la sede del mercado de hierbas en Nigeria utilizando fuentes de información primarias y secundarias. Se utilizó la técnica de bola de nieve en la selección de los veinte (20) curanderos infantiles (Elewe omo/Aremo) para el muestreo. El instrumento de prueba fue un conjunto de cuestionarios abiertos divididos en tres partes. La sección A capturó información sobre los datos biográficos de los encuestados, la sección B se centró en otra información de antecedentes, mientras que la sección C investigó las plantas y las partes utilizadas en el tratamiento de la morbilidad infantil, así como la dosis y el uso de las recetas tradicionales de curación infantil. Los datos recogidos se analizaron mediante estadística descriptiva (frecuencia, rango, media, porcentaje e histograma). Ochenta y nueve plantas locales, identificadas con sus nombres botánicos y familias, fueron documentadas junto con su(s) uso(s) medicinal(es) en el tratamiento de la morbilidad infantil. También se documentó información sobre algunas recetas, dosis y período de aplicación con su preparación, así como las partes de la planta utilizadas. Aunque todavía será necesario que los investigadores exploren otra información vital para la validación científica de las afirmaciones de los curanderos infantiles, el estudio sienta una base sostenible para la documentación de las técnicas indígenas para la prevención de la morbilidad infantil en el área de estudio.O alto custo dos cuidados de saúde médicos alopáticos e os caros produtos farmacêuticos sublinharam a importância da Medicina Tradicional Africana (ATM), cujo uso é limitado pela sua tradição de disseminação oral. Sua documentação obtida em outros climas será um grande passo na contenção sustentável de doenças no continente. Isso depende da coleta de dados originais dos guardiões tradicionais de tal conhecimento. Na Nigéria, doenças transmissíveis, infecções infantis imunizáveis ​​e desnutrição foram apresentadas como as principais fontes de mortalidade infantil. Este artigo, portanto, relata os meios tradicionais de reduzir a morbidade infantil por curandeiros infantis tradicionais na metrópole de Ibadan, Nigéria. O estudo foi realizado no mercado Bode, Ibadan; a sede do mercado de ervas na Nigéria usando fontes de informação primárias e secundárias. A técnica de bola de neve foi usada na seleção dos vinte (20) curandeiros infantis (Elewe omo/Aremo) para amostragem. O instrumento de teste foi um conjunto de questionários abertos divididos em três partes. A seção A captou informações sobre os dados biográficos dos entrevistados, a seção B concentrou-se em outras informações básicas, enquanto a seção C investigou plantas e partes usadas no tratamento de morbidade infantil, bem como dosagem e uso de receitas tradicionais de cura infantil. Os dados coletados foram analisados ​​por meio de estatística descritiva (frequência, amplitude, média, porcentagem e histograma). Oitenta e nove plantas locais, identificadas com seus nomes botânicos e famílias, foram documentadas juntamente com seu(s) uso(s) medicinal(is) no tratamento da morbidade infantil. Informações sobre algumas receitas, dosagens e período de aplicação também foram documentadas com sua preparação, bem como partes da planta utilizadas. Embora ainda haja a necessidade de os pesquisadores explorarem outras informações vitais para a validação científica das alegações dos curandeiros infantis, o estudo estabelece uma base sustentável para a documentação de técnicas indígenas para prevenção de morbidade infantil na área de estudo

FITTING THE STATISTICAL DISTRIBUTION FOR DAILY RAINFALL IN IBADAN, BASED ON CHI-SQUARE AND KOLMOGOROV- SMIRNOV GOODNESS-OF-FIT TESTS.

This paper presents several types of statistical distributions to describe rainfall distribution in Ibadan metropolis over a period of 30 years.The exponential, gamma, normal and poisson distributions are compared to identify the optimal model for daily rainfall amount based on data recorded at rain guage station at Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria, Jericho, Ibadan (FRIN). The models are evaluated based on chi- square and kolmogorov-smirnov tests. Overall, this study has shown that the exponential distribution is the best model followed by normal and poisson model that has the same estimated rainfall amount for describing the daily rainfall in Ibadan metropolis. Keywords: scale parameter, asymptotically, exponential distribution, gamma distribution, poisson and kolmogorov-smirnov

INFLUENCE OF SOIL PROPERTIES ON PLANT NEMATODE POPULATION DENSITY UNDER Chromolaena odorata FALLOW

Relationships between soil abiotic factors and population densities of plant parasitic nematodes spe-cies under planted fallow of Chromolaena odorata was investigated for 2 years. Soil samples were collected at 0 – 30 cm depth to determine population of nematode species and soil physico-chemical properties was done at test initiation and afterwards at 6 months interval for 2 years. Four genera of plant parasitic nematode species (Meloidogyne spp., Pratylenchus spp, Helicotylenchus spp. and Xiphinema spp) and two free – living (Rhabditids and Dorylaimus spp.) were identified in the fallow. Soil organic Matter and soil N were significantly higher at 2 years than at 6, 12 and 18 months. Popu-lation density of plant parasitic nematode species significantly reduce as the fallow period extend reaching minimum at 2 years of fallow. Highest percentage reduction of 90.3 % was observed in popu-lation of Xiphinema at 2 years of fallow, followed by Pratylenchus with 51.5 % reduction in population and lowest reduction of 44 % was observed in Meloidogyne population. Negative and significant rela-tionship existed between soil physico-chemical properties and population density of plant parasitic nematode species indicated that soil characteristics play an important role in the abundance, distribu-tion and structure of nematode communities

ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF β-SITOSTEROL FROM ELAEAGNUS ANGUSTIFOLIA CULTIVATED IN IRAQ

Objective: The aim of our study was to investigate chemical constituents of leaves and seeds of Elaeagnus angustifolia since no phytochemical investigation had been done previously in Iraq.Methods: Phytochemical screening of the extracts obtained from the leaves of E. angustifolia indicated the presence of flavonoids (type of flavonols), saponins, alkaloids, steroids, and terpenoids. Thin-layer chromatography fingerprinting and the spraying reagent (concentrated H2SO4 and vanillin in ethanol) were used to identify the hexane extract containing phytosterols.Results: The different chromatographic and spectroscopic results revealed the presence of βâ€sitosterol isolated from E. angustifolia. Conclusion: The isolation and purification afforded white crystalline powder which was subjected to chemical and spectral identification by infrared and 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance. The compound was identified as βâ€sitosterol

Flow Injection With inhibited Chemiluminescence Method for the Determination of Adrenaline Hydrochloride

A simple rapid and accurate flow injection inhibitory chemiluminescence method has been developed for the determination of adrenaline hydrochloride based on its inhibition of the chemiluminescence from the luminol ،V potassium hexacyanoferrate (III) system. The linear range of determination is 8.0 „e 10-12 ،V 8.0 „e 10-10 mgl-1 for adrenaline hydrochloride and the detection limit is 4.0 „e 10-9 g ml-1. The method has been applied to determine the content of adrenaline in pharmaceutical preparation with satisfactory results

PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL FROM SOME VEGETABLE OILS

Biodiesel is becoming prominent among the alternatives to conventional petro-diesel due to economic,environmental and social factors. The quality of biodiesel is influenced by the nature of feedstock and theproduction processes employed. High amounts of free fatty acids (FFA) in the feedstock are known to bedetrimental to the quality of biodiesel. In addition, oils with compounds containing hydroxyl groups possesshigh viscosity due to hydrogen bonding. American Standards and Testing Materials, (ASTM D 6751)recommends FFA content of not more than 0.5% in biodiesel and a viscosity of less than 6 mm2/s. Thephysico-chemical properties of palm kernel oil and coconut oil were assessed for their potentials in biodiesel.The properties of palm kernel oil and coconut oil were compared with those of palm from literature whilethat of biodiesel were compared with petro-diesel, ASTM and European Standards (EN14214). Resultsshowed that high amounts of FFA in oils produced low quality biodiesel while neutralized oils with lowamounts of FFA produced high quality biodiesel. The quality of biodiesel from palm kernel oil and coconutoils was improved greatly by neutralising the crude oil