TÉCNICAS INDÍGENAS DE PREVENCIÓN DE LA MORBILIDAD INFANTIL EN EL ÁREA METROPOLITANA DE IBADAN, NIGERIA

The high cost of allopathic medical health care and the expensive pharmaceutical products have underlined the importance of African Traditional Medicine (ATM), the use of which is limited by its oral dissemination tradition. Its documentation as obtainable in other climes will be a great stride at sustainably curbing illnesses in the continent. This depends on collation of original data from the traditional custodians of such knowledge. In Nigeria, communicable diseases, immunisable childhood infections and malnutrition have been submitted as the main sources of child mortality. This paper, therefore, reports the traditional means of curbing infant morbidity by traditional infant healers in Ibadan metropolis, Nigeria. The study was conducted in Bode market, Ibadan; the herbal market headquarters in Nigeria using primary and secondary information sources. Snowball technique was used in the selection of the twenty (20) infant healers (Elewe omo/Aremo) for sampling. The test instrument was a set of open-ended questionnaires divided into three parts. Section A captured information on Respondents’ bio- data, section B focused on other background information while section C probed into plants and parts used in the treatment of infant morbidity as well as dosage and usage of traditional infant healing recipes. Data garnered were analysed using descriptive statistics (frequency, range, mean, percentage and histogram). Eighty-nine local plants, identified with their botanical names and families were documented alongside their medicinal use(s) in the treatment of infant morbidity. Information on some recipes, dosages and application period was also documented with their preparation as well as parts of plant used. Although, there will still be the need for researchers to explore other vital information for scientific validation of the infant healers’ claims, the study lays a sustainable foundation towards documentation of indigenous techniques for infant morbidity prevention in the study area.El alto costo de la atención médica alopática y los costosos productos farmacéuticos han subrayado la importancia de la Medicina Tradicional Africana (ATM), cuyo uso está limitado por su tradición de difusión oral. Su documentación como disponible en otros climas será un gran paso para frenar de manera sostenible las enfermedades en el continente. Esto depende de la recopilación de datos originales de los custodios tradicionales de dicho conocimiento. En Nigeria, las enfermedades transmisibles, las infecciones infantiles vacunables y la desnutrición se han presentado como las principales fuentes de mortalidad infantil. Este documento, por lo tanto, informa sobre los medios tradicionales para frenar la morbilidad infantil por parte de los curanderos infantiles tradicionales en la metrópolis de Ibadan, Nigeria. El estudio se realizó en el mercado de Bode, Ibadan; la sede del mercado de hierbas en Nigeria utilizando fuentes de información primarias y secundarias. Se utilizó la técnica de bola de nieve en la selección de los veinte (20) curanderos infantiles (Elewe omo/Aremo) para el muestreo. El instrumento de prueba fue un conjunto de cuestionarios abiertos divididos en tres partes. La sección A capturó información sobre los datos biográficos de los encuestados, la sección B se centró en otra información de antecedentes, mientras que la sección C investigó las plantas y las partes utilizadas en el tratamiento de la morbilidad infantil, así como la dosis y el uso de las recetas tradicionales de curación infantil. Los datos recogidos se analizaron mediante estadística descriptiva (frecuencia, rango, media, porcentaje e histograma). Ochenta y nueve plantas locales, identificadas con sus nombres botánicos y familias, fueron documentadas junto con su(s) uso(s) medicinal(es) en el tratamiento de la morbilidad infantil. También se documentó información sobre algunas recetas, dosis y período de aplicación con su preparación, así como las partes de la planta utilizadas. Aunque todavía será necesario que los investigadores exploren otra información vital para la validación científica de las afirmaciones de los curanderos infantiles, el estudio sienta una base sostenible para la documentación de las técnicas indígenas para la prevención de la morbilidad infantil en el área de estudio.O alto custo dos cuidados de saúde médicos alopáticos e os caros produtos farmacêuticos sublinharam a importância da Medicina Tradicional Africana (ATM), cujo uso é limitado pela sua tradição de disseminação oral. Sua documentação obtida em outros climas será um grande passo na contenção sustentável de doenças no continente. Isso depende da coleta de dados originais dos guardiões tradicionais de tal conhecimento. Na Nigéria, doenças transmissíveis, infecções infantis imunizáveis ​​e desnutrição foram apresentadas como as principais fontes de mortalidade infantil. Este artigo, portanto, relata os meios tradicionais de reduzir a morbidade infantil por curandeiros infantis tradicionais na metrópole de Ibadan, Nigéria. O estudo foi realizado no mercado Bode, Ibadan; a sede do mercado de ervas na Nigéria usando fontes de informação primárias e secundárias. A técnica de bola de neve foi usada na seleção dos vinte (20) curandeiros infantis (Elewe omo/Aremo) para amostragem. O instrumento de teste foi um conjunto de questionários abertos divididos em três partes. A seção A captou informações sobre os dados biográficos dos entrevistados, a seção B concentrou-se em outras informações básicas, enquanto a seção C investigou plantas e partes usadas no tratamento de morbidade infantil, bem como dosagem e uso de receitas tradicionais de cura infantil. Os dados coletados foram analisados ​​por meio de estatística descritiva (frequência, amplitude, média, porcentagem e histograma). Oitenta e nove plantas locais, identificadas com seus nomes botânicos e famílias, foram documentadas juntamente com seu(s) uso(s) medicinal(is) no tratamento da morbidade infantil. Informações sobre algumas receitas, dosagens e período de aplicação também foram documentadas com sua preparação, bem como partes da planta utilizadas. Embora ainda haja a necessidade de os pesquisadores explorarem outras informações vitais para a validação científica das alegações dos curandeiros infantis, o estudo estabelece uma base sustentável para a documentação de técnicas indígenas para prevenção de morbidade infantil na área de estudo

TÉCNICAS INDÍGENAS DE PREVENCIÓN DE LA MORBILIDAD INFANTIL EN EL ÁREA METROPOLITANA DE IBADAN, NIGERIA

The high cost of allopathic medical health care and the expensive pharmaceutical products have underlined the importance of African Traditional Medicine (ATM), the use of which is limited by its oral dissemination tradition. Its documentation as obtainable in other climes will be a great stride at sustainably curbing illnesses in the continent. This depends on collation of original data from the traditional custodians of such knowledge. In Nigeria, communicable diseases, immunisable childhood infections and malnutrition have been submitted as the main sources of child mortality. This paper, therefore, reports the traditional means of curbing infant morbidity by traditional infant healers in Ibadan metropolis, Nigeria. The study was conducted in Bode market, Ibadan; the herbal market headquarters in Nigeria using primary and secondary information sources. Snowball technique was used in the selection of the twenty (20) infant healers (Elewe omo/Aremo) for sampling. The test instrument was a set of open-ended questionnaires divided into three parts. Section A captured information on Respondents’ bio- data, section B focused on other background information while section C probed into plants and parts used in the treatment of infant morbidity as well as dosage and usage of traditional infant healing recipes. Data garnered were analysed using descriptive statistics (frequency, range, mean, percentage and histogram). Eighty-nine local plants, identified with their botanical names and families were documented alongside their medicinal use(s) in the treatment of infant morbidity. Information on some recipes, dosages and application period was also documented with their preparation as well as parts of plant used. Although, there will still be the need for researchers to explore other vital information for scientific validation of the infant healers’ claims, the study lays a sustainable foundation towards documentation of indigenous techniques for infant morbidity prevention in the study area.El alto costo de la atención médica alopática y los costosos productos farmacéuticos han subrayado la importancia de la Medicina Tradicional Africana (ATM), cuyo uso está limitado por su tradición de difusión oral. Su documentación como disponible en otros climas será un gran paso para frenar de manera sostenible las enfermedades en el continente. Esto depende de la recopilación de datos originales de los custodios tradicionales de dicho conocimiento. En Nigeria, las enfermedades transmisibles, las infecciones infantiles vacunables y la desnutrición se han presentado como las principales fuentes de mortalidad infantil. Este documento, por lo tanto, informa sobre los medios tradicionales para frenar la morbilidad infantil por parte de los curanderos infantiles tradicionales en la metrópolis de Ibadan, Nigeria. El estudio se realizó en el mercado de Bode, Ibadan; la sede del mercado de hierbas en Nigeria utilizando fuentes de información primarias y secundarias. Se utilizó la técnica de bola de nieve en la selección de los veinte (20) curanderos infantiles (Elewe omo/Aremo) para el muestreo. El instrumento de prueba fue un conjunto de cuestionarios abiertos divididos en tres partes. La sección A capturó información sobre los datos biográficos de los encuestados, la sección B se centró en otra información de antecedentes, mientras que la sección C investigó las plantas y las partes utilizadas en el tratamiento de la morbilidad infantil, así como la dosis y el uso de las recetas tradicionales de curación infantil. Los datos recogidos se analizaron mediante estadística descriptiva (frecuencia, rango, media, porcentaje e histograma). Ochenta y nueve plantas locales, identificadas con sus nombres botánicos y familias, fueron documentadas junto con su(s) uso(s) medicinal(es) en el tratamiento de la morbilidad infantil. También se documentó información sobre algunas recetas, dosis y período de aplicación con su preparación, así como las partes de la planta utilizadas. Aunque todavía será necesario que los investigadores exploren otra información vital para la validación científica de las afirmaciones de los curanderos infantiles, el estudio sienta una base sostenible para la documentación de las técnicas indígenas para la prevención de la morbilidad infantil en el área de estudio.O alto custo dos cuidados de saúde médicos alopáticos e os caros produtos farmacêuticos sublinharam a importância da Medicina Tradicional Africana (ATM), cujo uso é limitado pela sua tradição de disseminação oral. Sua documentação obtida em outros climas será um grande passo na contenção sustentável de doenças no continente. Isso depende da coleta de dados originais dos guardiões tradicionais de tal conhecimento. Na Nigéria, doenças transmissíveis, infecções infantis imunizáveis ​​e desnutrição foram apresentadas como as principais fontes de mortalidade infantil. Este artigo, portanto, relata os meios tradicionais de reduzir a morbidade infantil por curandeiros infantis tradicionais na metrópole de Ibadan, Nigéria. O estudo foi realizado no mercado Bode, Ibadan; a sede do mercado de ervas na Nigéria usando fontes de informação primárias e secundárias. A técnica de bola de neve foi usada na seleção dos vinte (20) curandeiros infantis (Elewe omo/Aremo) para amostragem. O instrumento de teste foi um conjunto de questionários abertos divididos em três partes. A seção A captou informações sobre os dados biográficos dos entrevistados, a seção B concentrou-se em outras informações básicas, enquanto a seção C investigou plantas e partes usadas no tratamento de morbidade infantil, bem como dosagem e uso de receitas tradicionais de cura infantil. Os dados coletados foram analisados ​​por meio de estatística descritiva (frequência, amplitude, média, porcentagem e histograma). Oitenta e nove plantas locais, identificadas com seus nomes botânicos e famílias, foram documentadas juntamente com seu(s) uso(s) medicinal(is) no tratamento da morbidade infantil. Informações sobre algumas receitas, dosagens e período de aplicação também foram documentadas com sua preparação, bem como partes da planta utilizadas. Embora ainda haja a necessidade de os pesquisadores explorarem outras informações vitais para a validação científica das alegações dos curandeiros infantis, o estudo estabelece uma base sustentável para a documentação de técnicas indígenas para prevenção de morbidade infantil na área de estudo

Effect of Vegetable Based Lubricants on Equal Channel Angular Extrusion Pressure

This research aimed at investigating vegetable based lubricant as a replacement for chemical based lubricants on extrusion pressure of equal channel angular extrusion of Aluminum. In the process, aluminum alloy (Al 6063) was heated at 350°C for one hour, machined and cut to billets size of 11.95 m x 11.95 m x 40 m (l × b × h). The billets were extruded through die of 12 mm x 12 mm channel cross-section area, the channel angle was 60°. Four vegetable based lubricants namely jatropha, neem, castor and cotton seed oils were used. The die was centrally located on the bed of vertical hydraulic testing machine and the billet was inserted into the entrance channel. Lubrication was applied to the billet to decrease its friction and with the channel inner wall. The ram displacement per plunger speed was 1 mm per 1 second respectively. For each lubricant, four samples were extruded through ECAE die to confirm the repeatability of the results and the average values of the extrusion pressure were computed. The results were compared to the sample extruded via conventional lubricants. It was discovered of all the extruded samples, jatropha oil gave the least extrusion pressure of 83 kN, cottonseed oil extruded at 104 kN and castor oil at 151.4 kN while neem oil require the highest pressure at 220.9 kN. The chemical based lubricants that serve as the control from the literature gave the extrusion pressure of 81 kN. It can be concluded that the oil from jatropha seed is the best in terms of extrusion pressure and can effectively replace the chemical based lubricants

The effects of prolonged oral administration of the disinfectant calcium hypochlorite in Nigerian commercial cockerels

This study was designed to investigate the effects of prolonged oral administration of calcium hypochlorite in the drinking water of commercial cockerels. It was carried out in order to ascertain probable toxicity associated with prolonged exposure to calcium hypochlorite. Thirty-two healthy birds were used; they were grouped into four groups of eight. Group 1, which served as the control, received 10 mL/kg body weight of physiological saline. Groups 2, 3 and 4 received 0.0375 g, 0.375 g and 0.75 g of calcium hypochlorite per 10 litres of drinking water for six weeks respectively. Six weeks after the administration of calcium hypochlorite, blood was collected from the jugular vein to assess liver function, lipid profiles and for markers of oxidative stress. The results revealed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in alanine aminotransferase activity in a dose-dependent manner when compared with the control. Also, there was a significant (p < 0.05) increase in aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase activity. Similarly, there was a significant (p < 0.05) increase in total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein levels compared with the control. There was a significant increase in malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide generation with a concomitant significant (p < 0.05) decrease in serum glutathione level in a dose-dependent manner when compared with the control. In this study, calcium hypochloriteinduced hepatic damage via oxidative stress and decrease in antioxidant defense system was found. Therefore, prolonged exposure of chickens to calcium hypochlorite is potentially harmful

The Political Economy of the New Slave Trade in Africa

A macro analysis of various inquiry into the nature and causes of Africa s crises may revealed a continent placed on perpetual slavery From trans-Atlantic slave trade to colonialism from colonialism to flag independence and Neo Colonialism from trade imperialism to human trafficking from the rampaging momentum of globalization to erosion of Africa culture and communal morality from Tokunbo Syndrome and currencies Africa seems to be on a verge of internationallyinspired perpetual servitude The costs of these old and modern vices are enormous and the task of salvaging them is not less so While the paper exposes the two divides it goes to argue that the actualization of the New International Economic Order NIEO remain a must for Africa as a continent if she must survive the present socio- economic and political disempowerment eating deep to her efforts at meeting aims and objectives of the millennium Development Goods MD

MODIFICATION OF NIGERIAN BENTONITE FOR UTILIZATION IN OIL WELL DRILLING OPERATIONS

More than 80 bentonite clay deposit sites had been identified in Nigeria. Yet, almost all clay and additives used for drilling oil well are imported. The reason is partly that in their natural states, they do not swell while polymers in their raw forms remain unstable at high temperatures. This study aimed at evaluating the potentials of chemically modified Nigerian bentonite for application in the oil and gas industry. The Gombe bentonite from Gombe State was beneficiated using NAHCO3 and slurries were made by dispersion in distilled water. In the presence of other local additives, evaluation of the slurries was carried out on the basis of filtration loss and rheology at different temperatures (30, 60 and 85 oC) using a Central Composite Design (CCD). The clay sample was characterized for mineral and elemental compositions using X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and X-ray fractometer (XRF) while proximate analysis was carried out on the additives. At the optimum condition, the result shows a significant improvement in mud rheology and fluid loss at various temperatures which are in close agreement with the API recommended standard

The effect of Cnidoscolus aconitifolius on multi-drug resistant micro-organisms

This study was carried out to investigate possible bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities of Cnidoscolus aconitifolius leaf extract on multi-drug resistant micro-organisms. The antimicrobial property of C. aconitifolius leaf extract was carried out on the following multi-drug resistant microorganisms; Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica Gallinarum and Candida albicans. The results from this study show that none of the multi-drug resistant micro-organisms was sensitive to the leaf extract of C. aconitifolius

The ameliorative effects of a phenolic derivative of Moringa oleifera leave against vanadium-induced neurotoxicity in mice

Vanadium, a transition series metal released during some industrial activities, induces oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. Ameliorative effect of a pure compound from the methanolic extract of Moringa oleifera leaves, code-named MIMO2, in 14-day old mice administered with vanadium (as sodium metavanadate 3 mg/kg) for 2 weeks was assessed. Results from body weight monitoring, muscular strength, and open field showed slight reduction in body weight and locomotion deficit in vanadium-exposed mice, ameliorated with MIMO2 co-administration. Degeneration of the Purkinje cell layer and neuronal death in the hippocampal CA1 region were observed in vanadium-exposed mice and both appeared significantly reduced with MIMO2 co-administration. Demyelination involving the midline of the corpus callosum, somatosensory and retrosplenial cortices was also reduced with MIMO2. Microglia activation and astrogliosis observed through immunohistochemistry were also alleviated. Immunohistochemistry for myelin, axons and oligodendrocyte lineage cells were also carried out and showed that in vanadium-treated mice brains, oligodendrocyte progenitor cells increased NG2 immunolabelling with hypertrophy and bushy, ramified appearance of their processes. MIMO2 displayed ameliorative and antioxidative effects in vanadium-induced neurotoxicity in experimental murine species. This is likely the first time MIMO2 is being used in vivo in an animal model

Threats to E-Government Implementation in the Civil Service: Nigeria as a Case Study

The rapid advancement in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has undoubtedly influenced positive changes in carrying out administrative functions in government institutions. The ICT adoption rate in Africa is not impressive when compared to the more developed countries of the world. Nigeria, as a case study in this scenario, has also not implemented E-Government impressively, according to the required standards set up by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU). A comprehensive study conducted on the application and implementation of E-Government in Nigeria has provided some metrics that examine the stumbling blocks for realization of adequate and efficient E-Government implementation in the civil service. The research was carried out in the federal civil service in Nigeria in two phases namely, pre-IT implementation phase and post-IT implementation phase. Our findings reveal that ICT implementation will remain elusive in the civil service as long as the as threats explained below remain unaddressed. It has therefore been asserted that the need to overcome these threats is a precondition for realization of E-Government implementation in the federal civil servic