Synthesis of some heterocyclic derivatives of 1,8-Naphthyridine with a new substitution on the Naphthyridine ring

Abstract The Synthesis in good yields of some new 1,8-Naphthyridine derivatives (1-9) and characterized on the basis of IR and 1H NMR spectra data. The compounds (1) and (6) were utilized as a starting material for the preparing of these compounds

Photostablization and Antioxidant Activity of Some New Bis(Indazole-6-Imino) Subsituted-9,10-Anthracene Compounds

Four series of some new compounds composed from diamine and anthraquinone have been prepared and characterized by elemental analysis and spectroscopic techniques. The photostablizer activities of these compounds against low density polyethylene after exposure to Xenon U.V light were measured and compared with standard photostablizer (BHT). The antioxidant properties of these compounds were also studied using scavenger technique. Photostablization and antioxidant results for the prepared compounds indicate that these materials are very effective. Keywords: Imino-Indazole, synthesis, photostablization, Antioxidan

A Modified Reverse Engineering Approach Using Bezier Curve Approximation

Reverse Engineering is a process of re-producing existing parts by obtaining digital models using a special data taken from the original parts using specific techniques. It can be used to redesign existing parts either due to lost data or the parts are no longer available. In this paper, surface modelling technique using special data taken from CMM (Coordinate Measuring Machine) was employed to redesign a candle holder. Specific MATLAB code was generated to model the data taken from the surface of a candle holder made of glass. Bezier curve technique was implemented in this research to model the curve of the outer surface of the candle holder. Various orders of Bezier curves were discussed and used to give better approximation of the original data curve with error percentage monitoring each time. The thickness of the candle holder was reduced from 5mm to 3mm and the volume reduction was calculated. The amount of reduction in the glass volume when reducing the thickness was found to be 210mm3. In addition, the amount of increase in the area of glass section was calculated to be 138.5mm2. This reduction gives a better vision of the amount of glass saved using this procedure. Two different shapes were found and plotted by varying the control points coordinates

Experimental Investigation to Enhance Oil Well Cement Compressive Strength by Using Nano Silica and Synthetic Fiber

The cementing process is one of the main and vital elements in the drilling and completion of oil and gas wells. Cement slurry design plays an essential role in cementing operations. Compressive strength, which represents a material's ability to sustain forceful conditions over time, is an essential property of oil well cement. This study provides an experimental investigation on the impact of coupled synthetic fiber and Nano Silica (nano-SiO2) on improving the compressive strength of Iraqi oil well cement class G. In addition, the results were compared to those of a previous study that utilized Nano Silica alone in conjunction with Iraqi oil well cement. The results indicated that the Iraqi oil well cement class G, after special additions, conforms to the specifications of the American Petroleum Institute (API). Results showed that adding synthetic fiber and Nano-Silica together significantly increased the compressive strength of Iraqi class G cement slurry cured at different conditions. Samples curing was done at 38°C and 60°C for 8 hours. The results indicated that the cement system with 1.5% by weight of cement (BWOC) of Nano-Silica and 1.5 gm of Synthetic Fiber increased the compressive strength by 50.38 and 39.92% at 38°C and 60°C, respectively. Through comparison with previous studies, it was found that the amounts of Nano Silica added to cement can be reduced by a large percentage when synthetic fibers are added with it, thus reducing the cost of using nanomaterials

A Laboratory Watershed Model to Study the Effect of Rainfall Intensity and Soil Surface Slope on Surface Runoff Rate of Karbala Desert Soil

Precipitation generating surface runoff is very important in various water resources development and management activities such as flood control and management, irrigation scheduling, irrigation design, and drainage networks. The aim of this study is to indicate the effect of rainfall intensity and soil surface slope on the surface runoff rate of Karbala desert soil. This study was conducted on the soil of the Karbala desert in Iraq, located between the provinces of Karbala and Najaf, extended from the longitude 32o44'186'' E and latitude 44o100'960''N. In this study, a laboratory watershed model was designed and constructed to be used to examine surface runoff of the Karbala desert soil and other hydrological properties, under the influence of different precipitation intensities (1.83 cm/min, 1.67 cm/min, 0.9 cm/min, and 0.64 cm/min) and different slopes of the soil surface (0.0 %, 2.0 %, 3.3 %, and 6.7 %). A Gene Expression Programming model was used to develop an equation of the surface runoff rate for the Karbala desert soil. The results showed that the rate of surface runoff increased with increasing rainfall intensity. The highest surface runoff rate of 101.53 cm/hr was obtained when the rainfall intensity was 1.83 cm/min, while at the rainfall intensity of 0.64 cm/min, the highest value of surface runoff rate of 31.17 cm/hr was obtained. The results also showed that the slope of the soil surface has a clear effect on the surface runoff rates. The highest value of surface runoff rate of 96.82 cm/hr was obtained when the slope of the soil surface was 0.0%, while at the slope of the soil surface of 6.7%, the highest value of surface runoff rate of 101.53 cm/hr was obtained. According to the simulation results, the surface runoff rate equation created using the Gene Expression Programming model did a great job of predicting the Karbala desert soil surface runoff, with a coefficient of determination R2 equal to 0.8812 for training and 0.8155 for testing

The Extraction of Alumina from Kaolin

Alumina has wide industrial and technological applications that can be extracted from different locations, different methods and materials. Kaolin from Iraq Alduikhla astrologer has used as a raw material source for alumina production. The alumina concentration in the Iraqi kaolin is more than 34% which considered as a good replacement for bauxite rack. Crushing andground is the first process to reduce the kaolin particle size to the micron level which increases the surface area of kaolin.The kaolin is heat treated at different temperatures (600, 650, 700 and 750) ̊C for 2 hours to remove some of ithe mpurity like organic materials and crystal water before acid treatment. A different concentration of hydrochloric acid (pH) (0.45, 0.5, 0.55, 0.6 and 0.65) has used for extraction of alumina from kaolin. The reaction between the hydrochloric acid and kaolin has studied at different temperature (30, 60 and 90) ̊C. The extraction of alumina has decreased with increase t inhe reaction temperature. Finally t,,he alumina extraction by this method has characterized using XRD and XRF to investigation the crystal structure and the amount of impurities presented there. The final extracted alumina h isaving cubic crystal structure (γ alumina) with purity above 95%

An Experimental Study to Demonstrate the Effect of Alumina Nanoparticles and Synthetic Fibers on Oil Well Cement Class G

    In the drilling and production operations, the effectiveness of cementing jobs is crucial for efficient progress. The compressive strength of oil well cement is a key characteristic that reflects its ability to withstand forceful conditions over time. This study evaluates and improves the compressive strength and thickening time of Iraqi oil well cement class G from Babylon cement factory using two types of additives (Nano Alumina and Synthetic Fiber) to comply with the American Petroleum Institute (API) specifications. The additives were used in different proportions, and a set of samples was prepared under different conditions. Compressive strength and thickening time measurements were taken under different conditions. The amounts of Nano Alumina (0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% by weight of cement (BWOC)) were selected with synthetic fiber (0.5 g, 1 g, and 1.5 g, respectively). The results show a significant improvement in compressive strength, with all values meeting the API requirements, and a decrease in the thickening time of Iraqi oil well cement, depending on the proportions of additives. The most significant improvement in compressive strength was achieved in the sample containing 1.5% Nano Alumina by weight of cement (BWOC) and 1.5 g Synthetic Fiber (Barolift), where the compressive strength increased by 40.7% and 33.8% at a temperature of 38 °C and 60 °C, respectively, while the thickening time decreased by 26.53% at this ratio of additives. The results demonstrate the feasibility of using these additives to enhance the performance of Iraqi oil well cement, expanding its potential application in Iraqi oil fields

Assessment of genetic diversity in Iraqi camel breeds using Cytochrome b

Joudi breed were collected from Basrah, Al-Muthanna, Najaf, Babylon, and Wasit (10 samples each). As well as 15 samples of the Khawar breed from Anbar and 15 samples of the Hurra breed from DhiQar. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) was employed This study aimed to investigate the genetic diversity, population structure, and demographic history of Iraq camel breeds. Eighty blood samples were randomly collected from unrelated animals from different parts of Iraq. Fifty samples of the Joudi breed were collected from Basrah, Al-Muthanna, Najaf, Babylon, and Wasit (10 samples each). As well as 15 samples of the Khawar breed from Anbar and 15 samples of the Hurra breed from DhiQar. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) was employed in order to determine the genetic variability within and among populations of this camel breeds. The neutrality tests and mismatch distribution analysis were also applied to assess the neutrality and demographic expansion of the populations, respectively. The results revealed a total of 16 different haplotypes with high haplotype diversity (0.648) and low-nucleotide diversity (0.00109). The haplotypes of the Cytb gene were 15 haplotypes, 10 of which were in the Joudi breed, 6 in the Hurra breed and one haplotype in the Khwar breed. The haplotype H-2 was common to the three breeds. The variations within and among populations accounted for 94.36 and 5.64% of the total variation, respectively. The results of the neutrality test for Cytb showed that the Joudi and Hurra breeds had negative values for both Tajima's D and Fu's Fs. The highest values were -1.00737 and -1.98591 for the Hurra breed and the lowest values were for the Joudi breed (-2.14737 and -6.59079 respectively). In the Khwar breed, the values were zero for Tajima's D and Fu's Fs and the obtained result conforms to the model of population expansion (t > 0 and θ1> θ0) for Joudi and Hurra breeds

Epigenetic variation as a new plant breeding tool : A review

Publisher Copyright: © 2022 The Author(s)Epigenetic variations are inherited or uninherited effects that occur beyond the DNA sequence of an individual. However, DNA sequence has a critical role in shaping epigenetic variation. The great diversity of epigenetic markers confers an advantage of various uses without interrupting its highly environmental independence. The epigenetic effects are highlighted by many vital events, especially the regulation of gene expression in hybrid vigor and inbreeding depression, even in the absence of genetic diversity. However, various stress genes can include many repeats that undergo alternately methylation and demethylation states to regulate gene expression positively or negatively. After all the arguments raised on the genetic basis of hybrid vigor in its both traditional and molecular aspects, the term ``epigenome" strongly emerged as one of the main causes of performance deviation among offspring. These include both histone and DNA biochemical modifications, which play a key role during successive stages of development and differentiation in addition to the regulation of gene expression in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. Evidence has shown a correlation between unique DNA methylation and heterosis in many plant species as well as between inbreeding and the sharp decline in fitness of most naturally crosspollinated species. Although detailed molecular mechanisms laying behind many of these plant breeding aspects remain little understood, epigenetics has provided some explanations. (c) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University.Peer reviewe