Oxidative Stress Related Diseases In Newborns

We review oxidative stress-related newborn disease and the mechanism of oxidative damage. In addition, we outline diagnostic and therapeutic strategies and future directions. Many reports have defined oxidative stress as an imbalance between an enhanced reactive oxygen/nitrogen species and the lack of protective ability of antioxidants. From that point of view, free radical-induced damage caused by oxidative stress seems to be a probable contributing factor to the pathogenesis of many newborn diseases, such as respiratory distress syndrome, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, periventricular leukomalacia, necrotizing enterocolitis, patent ductus arteriosus, and retinopathy of prematurity. We share the hope that the new understanding of the concept of oxidative stress and its relation to newborn diseases that has been made possible by new diagnostic techniques will throw light on the treatment of those diseases.PubMedWoSScopu

Future Directions And Molecular Basis Of Ventilator Associated Pneumonia

Mechanical ventilation is a lifesaving treatment and has complications such as ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) that lead to high morbidity and mortality. Moreover VAP is the second most common hospital-acquired infection in pediatric intensive care units. Although it is still not well understood, understanding molecular pathogenesis is essential for preventing and treating pneumonia. A lot of microbes are detected as a causative agent of VAP. The most common isolated VAP pathogens in pediatric patients are Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and other gram negative bacteria. All of the bacteria have different pathogenesis due to their different virulence factors and host reactions. This review article focused on mechanisms of VAP with molecular pathogenesis of the causative bacteria one by one from the literature. We hope that we know more about molecular pathogenesis of VAP and we can investigate and focus on the management of the disease in near future.PubMedWoSScopu

Economic Burden of Pneumococcal Infections in Children Under 5Years of Age

The present study aimed to determine the cost of childhood pneumococcal infections under 5years of age and to provide further data for future health economy studies. Electronic medical records of children diagnosed with meningitis caused by S. pneumoniae and all-cause pneumonia, and acute otitis media (AOM) between January 2013-April 2014 were retrospectively evaluated. Direct costs for the treatments of hospitalized patients (pneumonia and pneumococcal meningitis) including costs of healthcare services consisted of costs of hospital bed, examination, laboratory analyses, scanning methods, consultation, vascular access procedures, and infusion and intravenous treatments. Direct costs for patients (AOM) treated in outpatient setting included constant price paid for the examination and cost of prescribed antibiotics. Indirect costs included cost of work loss of parents and their transportation expenses. Data of 130 children with pneumococcal meningitis (n = 10), pneumonia (n = 53), and AOM (n = 67) were analyzed. The total median cost was Euro4,060.38 (direct cost: Euro3,346.38 and indirect cost: Euro829.18) for meningitis, Euro835.91 (direct cost: Euro480.66 and indirect cost: Euro330.09) for pneumonia, and Euro117.32 (direct cost: Euro17.59 and indirect cost: Euro99.73) for AOM. The medication cost (p = 0.047), indirect cost (p = 0.032), and total cost (p = 0.011) were significantly higher in pneumonia patients aged 36 months than those aged <36 months; however, direct cost of AOM were significantly higher in the patients aged <36 months (p = 0.049). Results of the present study revealed that the treatment cost was significantly enhanced for hospitalization and for advanced disease. Thus, preventive actions, mainly vaccination, should be conducted regularly.WoSScopu

Clinic Features, Follow-Up And Treatment Options Of Acute Paronychia In Children: Hacettepe University Experience

Objective: Paronychia, the inflammation of proximal and lateral nail folds and, is the most commonly encountered hand infection. In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the clinical features and treatment options of paronychia in our center. Material and Methods: Patients diagnosed with acute paronychia from June 2014 to December 2016 in the Pediatric Infectious Disease Department of Hacettepe University ihsan Dogramaci Children Hospital were included into the study. Patients' age, gender, underlying disease, physical examination findings, laboratory parameters, hospitalization status, treatment choices (surgery/antibiotic treatment) and durations, and complications were evaluated. Results: Seventy-five patients (37 male, 49.3%) with a median age of 8 years (0-18) were enrolled into the study. The patients were divided into two groups as immunocompetent (62, 82.7%) and immunocompromised (primary or secondary immunodeficiency, 13, 17.3%). Two of the immuncompromised patients (14.3%) and eight of immunocompetent patients underwent surgery drainage because of abscess formation. Five patients were hospitalized, three of whom (21.4%) were immunocompromised and two of whom (3.3%) were immunocompetent (p=0.01). Conclusion: Immune response of the patients diagnosed with paronychia is the main guide for treatment and follow plan.Wo

Serotype distribution ofStreptococcus pneumoniain children with invasive disease in Turkey: 2015-2018

Emiroglu, Melike/0000-0003-1307-0246; OKSUZ, LUTFIYE/0000-0002-6722-141XWOS: 000545468700001PubMed: 32530357Objectives To determine the serotype distribution of pneumococcus causing invasive pneumococcal disease (meningitidis, bacteremia and empyema) in children in Turkey, and to observe potential changes in this distribution in time to guide effective vaccine strategies. Methods We surveyedS. pneumoniaewith conventional bacteriological techniques and with real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in samples of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood and pleural fluid.S. pneumoniaestrains were isolated from 33 different hospitals in Turkey, which are giving health services to approximately 60% of the Turkish population. Results A total of 167 cases were diagnosed with invasive pneumococcal disease between 2015 and 2018. We diagnosed 52 (31.1%) patients with meningitis, 104 (62.2%) patients with bacteremia, and 11 (6.6%) patients with empyema. Thirty-three percent of them were less than 2 years old and 56% less than 5 years old. Overall PCV13 serotypes accounted for 56.2% (94/167). the most common serotypes were 19 F (11.9%), 1 (10.7%) and 3 (10.1%). Conclusions Besides the increasing frequency of non-vaccine serotypes, vaccine serotypes continue to be a problem for Turkey despite routine and high-rate vaccination with PCV13 and significant reduction reported for the incidence of IPD in young children. Since new candidate pneumococcal conjugate vaccines with more serotype antigens are being developed, continuing IPD surveillance is a significant source of information for decision-making processes on pneumococcal vaccination.PfizerPfizerThe study was supported by Pfizer

Respiratory Viral Infections In Infants With Possible Sepsis

Background Knowledge of infections leading to sepsis is needed to develop comprehensive infection prevention and sepsis, as well as early recognition and treatment strategies.The aim of this study was to investigate the etiology of sepsis and evaluate the proportion of respiratory viral pathogens in infants under two years of age with possible sepsis. Methods The prospective study was performed in two years. Multiplex reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to detect viral pathogens. All patients who were included in this study had sepsis symptoms as defined by the Surviving Sepsis Campaign. Results We compared 90 patients with sepsis into three groups as patients (n = 33) who had only viral positivity in nasopharyngeal swab, patients (17) had proven bacterial infection with or without viral infection, and patients (40) without the pathogen detection. Human rhinovirus (16.7%) and influenza (7.8%) were the most commonly seen viruses. A cough was more common in the viral infection group than other groups (P = 0.02) and median thrombocyte count was lower in the bacterial infection group than the others (P = 0.01). Patients having bacterial sepsis had the longest duration of hospitalization than the other groups (P = 0.04). During winter and spring seaons, patients with sepsis had more viral infection; however, in summer and autumn period, patients were mostly in a state that we could not prove infection agents (P = 0.02). Conclusions Our results suggest that respiratory tract viruses may play an important role in patients with sepsis and they should be kept in mind, especially during winter and spring seasons. In overall infection, viral respiratory viruses as a single pathogen with a detection rate of 36.6% in sepsis etiology.WoSScopu

Invasive Pneumococcal Disease: From a Tertiary Care Hospital in the Post-Vaccine Era

A breakthrough infection occurring with 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) in Turkey are previously described. A breakthrough infection is defined as IPD in a child who had received 1 PCV-7 or PCV-13 and for which the pneumococcal isolate was a vaccine serotype. During one year period, among 6 patients with invasive pneumococcal infection, 2 patients were considered to have a vaccine failure with serotype 19F. Antibiotic resistance results were remarkable; macrolide resistance were observed in all strains except one, and high and intermediate penicillin resistance were determined in 2 strains.WoSScopu

Add-On Therapy With Ertapenem In Infections With Multidrug Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria: Pediatric Experience

Optimal therapy for infections with carbapenem resistant GNB is not well established due to the weakness of data. Patients presenting with bloodstream infections caused by multidrug resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae were treated with a combination treatment. Optimal therapy for infections with carbapenem resistant Gram-negative bacteria is a serious problem in pediatric patients. We presented three cases who were successfully treated with addition of ertapenem to the combination treatment for bacteremia with multidrug resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. Dual carbapenem treatment approach is a new approach for these infections and requires more data in children.PubMe

Myocarditis Associated With Influenza Infection In Five Children

Background: Myocarditis is an inflammatory condition located mainly in the myocardium. It is caused by a variety of bacterial and viral infections. Influenza is one of the most common relevant viruses that cause myocarditis. Objectives: We attempted to share our experiences about clinical and laboratory findings, cardiac evaluation, and treatment of children with influenza myocarditis. Methods: This retrospective study was performed by the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases at the Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University in Turkey. The medical records of patients diagnosed with myocarditis associated with an influenza infection between January 2014 and January 2017 were systematically reviewed. Results: Vaccination seems likely to be an important protection strategy for both influenza infections and complications. (C) 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Limited on behalf of King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences.WoSScopu

Pneumococcal carriage in children with COVID-19

Background: SARS-CoV-2 is the new virus, and Streptococcus pneumoniae is one of the most important pathogens affecting humans. However, we do not yet know whether these microorganisms interact. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the relationship between Streptococcus pneumoniae and SARS-CoV-2 in pediatric patients. Methods: This study was conducted retrospectively by means of medical records of pediatric patients who were tested for SARS-CoV-2 between March 11 and June 04, 2020, in the University of Health Sciences, Ankara Educating and Training Hospital and Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine. Results: We evaluated 829 pediatric patients for S. pneumoniae and SARS-CoV-2 from their nasopharyngeal specimen. Of 115 children positive for SARS-CoV-2, 32.2% had a positive S. pneumoniae test, whereas of 714 children negative for SARS-CoV-2, 14.1% had a positive S. pneumoniae test (p < .01). We compared patients with positive vs. negative SARS-CoV-2 tests according to S. pneumoniae positivity There were no statistically significant differences in terms of gender, underlying disease, fever, cough, leukocytosis, lymphopenia, increased CRP, increased procalcitonin, findings of chest x-ray, severity of disease, and treatment. Conclusion: The nasopharyngeal S. pneumoniae carriage rate in patients with COVID-19 was higher than in non-infected children, while S. pneumoniae carriage did not affect the course of COVID-19 disease. Pneumococcal vaccination is significant, such that we do not know the outcomes of increased pneumococcal carriage for the upcoming months of pandemic