Protein and mRNA expression of estradiol receptors during estrus in yaks (Bos grunniens)

ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to investigate mRNA by real-time PCR and protein expression by immunofluorescence of the estradiol receptors (ER) in the pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and gonads of yaks (Bos grunniens). The analysis showed that the level of expression of ER mRNA was greater in the pituitary gland tissue than in other glands during estrus. Immunofluorescence analyses showed that ER proteins were located in the pineal cells, synaptic ribbon, and synaptic spherules of the pineal gland. In the hypothalamus, ER proteins were located in the magnocellular and parvocellular neurons. The ER proteins were located in acidophilic cells and basophilic cells in the pituitary gland. In the ovary, ER proteins were present in the ovarian follicle, corpus luteum and Leydig cells. Estradiol exerts its main effects on the pituitary gland during estrus in yak

Research progress of tumorigenicity-related proteins

The occurrence and development of tumors include the tumorigenicity of tumor cells in vivo, the growth of xenograft tumors, angiogenesis, tumor migration, invasion and metastasis. Tumorigenicity-related proteins play an important regulatory role during these processes. Research of tumorigenicity-related proteins is of great significance for identifing new targets for tumor treatment and blocking tumor occurrence and development. We reviewed the effects of tumorigenicity-related proteins on cell tumorigenesis, the consequence of protein interactions on tumor migration and invasion, the effects of tumorigenicity-related proteins on cell migration and invasion in vitro, and their relationship with tumor metastasis. This review provides rich information on the regulatory mechanism of tumorigenicity-related proteins in tumor development

Protein and mRNA expression of gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor in yaks during estrus

ABSTRACT To demonstrate the role of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in yaks (Bos grunniens), we characterized the expression of gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRHR) mRNA and protein. The level of GnRHR mRNA in the hypothalamus was higher than that in the pineal gland, pituitary gland, and ovary during estrus. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that GnRHR was expressed in the pinealocyte, synaptic ribbon, and synaptic spherules of the pineal gland and that melatonin interacts with GnRHR via nerve fibers. In the hypothalamus, GnRHR was expressed in the magnocellular neurons and parvocellular neurons. In the pituitary gland, GnRHR was expressed in acidophilic cells and basophilic cells. In the ovary, GnRHR was present in the ovarian follicle and Leydig cells. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor is located in the pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary, and gonad during estrus of yaks and is mainly expressed in the hypothalamus and ovaries during the estrus period