Altered visual feedback from an embodied avatar unconsciously influences movement amplitude and muscle activity

Evidence suggests that the sense of the position of our body parts can be surreptitiously deceived, for instance through illusory visual inputs. However, whether altered visual feedback during limb movement can induce substantial unconscious motor and muscular adjustments is not known. To address this question, we covertly manipulated virtual body movements in immersive virtual reality. Participants were instructed to flex their elbow to 90° while tensing an elastic band, as their virtual arm reproduced the same, a reduced (75°), or an amplified (105°) movement. We recorded muscle activity using electromyography, and assessed body ownership, agency and proprioception of the arm. Our results not only show that participants compensated for the avatar’s manipulated arm movement while being completely unaware of it, but also that it is possible to induce unconscious motor adaptations requiring significant changes in muscular activity. Altered visual feedback through body ownership illusions can influence motor performance in a process that bypasses awareness

Aksiller web sendromu: omuz ağrısının gözden kaçan nedeni

Aksiller web sendromu (AWS), genellikle aksiller bölgeyeyapılan girişim sonrası görülür. Fibrozis ile çevrelenmişskleroze ven ve lenfatik dokular (kording) aksilladanbaşlayıp, kola ve ele kadar uzanabilir. Omuz eklem hareketaçıklığını (EHA) kısıtlayan ve ağrıya sebep olabilen klinikbir durumdur. Paylaşacağımız olguda ise mevcut birpredispozan faktörün olmayışı dikkat çekicidir. İki haftaönce günlük aktivite sırasında sağ koltuk altında gerginlikve ağrı hisseden 41 yaşında erkek hasta polikliniğimizebaşvurdu. Muayenesinde sağ aksiller bölgeden başlayıp sağkol ortasına kadar uzanan gözle görülebilen düzeyde ciltaltı kord görünümü mevcuttu. Sağ omuz hareketleri kısıtlıve ağrılıydı. Hastaya oral non-steroidal antiinflamatuar ilaç(NSAİİ), elektroterapi programı ve omuzgerme/güçlendirme egzersizleri reçete edildi. Hastanın 2 aysonraki kontrol muayenesinde omuz EHA ağrısız, tamaçıktı ve cilt altındaki kord bulgusu tamamen düzelmişti.Klinisyenlerin aksiller bölgede ve omuzda ağrı, omuzEHA’da kısıtlılık olan hastalarda AWS’i ayırıcı tanıdadüşünmesi gerekmektedir. Bu hastalar uygun fizik tedavimodaliteleri ve NSAİİ’ın kombine kullanıldığı tedavilerdenfayda görebilmektedir.Axillary web syndrome (AWS) is a clinical syndrome thatusually seen after surgical intervention to axillary region.Fibrosis surrounded sclerotic vein and lymphatic tissue(cording), can extends from axilla to arm and hand. AWScan limit off shoulder range of motion (ROM) and can bethe cause of shoulder pain. In the case we share, it isnoteworthy that any predisposing factor does not exist.41-year-old male patient was admitted our outpatient clinicwith pain and feeling of tension on the right axilla whichstarted 2 weeks ago during the daily activities. On thephysical examination there was a subcutaneous cord thatwas visible from the right axillary region to the middle ofthe right arm. His right shoulder movements were limitedand painful. The patient was prescribed oral nonsteroidalantiinflammatory drug (NSAID), electrotherapy programand shoulder stretching/strengthening exercises. After 2months, on the re-examination, his right shoulder ROMwas painless and in normal range; the subcutaneouscording had completely recovered. Clinicians shouldconsider AWS, in differential diagnosis in patients withaxillary region/shoulder pain and shoulder ROMlimitation. These patients may benefit from appropriatecombination therapies that include physical therapymodalities and NSAIDs.</p

Determination of pre-parturition and post-parturition behaviors of Norduz goats

The objective of this study was to determine of pre-parturition and post-parturition behaviors of Norduz Goats. Animal subjects consisted of 18 primiparous single-birth does aged 2-3 years. During the kidding time, the goats were recorded with digital video cameras for one hour pre parturition and 24 h post-parturition in order to register parturition traits. Twelve does (67%) gave birth while being recumbent and six (33%) while standing (P h, respectively. These results clearly suggest that in Norduz goats the parturition behavior occurs within four hours after the parturition, and also Norduz goats are observed to be having a normal maternal behavior regarding with investigated behavioral characteristics

Economy of the golden horde population

The settled regions of the Golden Horde had a well-developed agriculture. The main crop was millet, followed by rye, wheat, barley, oat, and peas. Hunting was mainly for furs and had little importance as a source of meat in comparison with livestock, which was popular not only among nomads but was also exported to India, Persia, and European countries. Fishing was also well developed and the products were exported abroad. Sturgeon and white sturgeon were an especially important food item. Among trades, salt extraction, honey, and the gathering of grasses and roots should be mentioned. Ulus Jöchi had crafts that were well developed for the period in question. The Golden Horde Volga region had very wide trade relations: Rus, Western and Central Europe, the Black Sea region, the Mediterranean, the Near and Middle East, Central Asia, India, China, and Korea. © 2010 M.E. Sharpe, Inc. All rights reserved

Effects of the maternal behavior score (MBS) on weaning weight and litter survival in sheep

This study intends to describe the differences concerning maternal behavior score between the different genotypes and groups of the age of dam in less selected Norduz, Karakaş, and Ile-de- FrancexAkkaraman (G1)xKarakaş crosses, and also aims to determine the effects of Maternal Behavior Score (MBS) on weaning weight and survival of lambs in genotypes studied. Experimental subjects were 92 heads of the 2, 3 and 4 years-old of the Norduz, karakaş and Ile-de-FrancexAkkaraman (G1)xKarakaş crosses. The MBS was scored on a 5-point scale based on the distance a ewe retreats from her lambs when the shepherd is tagging them. Within 24 h of birth, maternal behavior score was evaluated, and survival of the lambs was calculated from birth to weaning and at the same time measured the weaning weight in lambs. We detected that in the ewes lambing the first time MBS were lower than those that they were lambed before (P < 0.01). Similarly, there were the significant differences between genotypes; less selected Norduz sheep had higher maternal behavior score than Karakaş and Ile-de-FrancexAkkaraman (G1)xKarakaş crosses (P < 0.01). The effects of the maternal behavior on weaning weight and survival of the lambs were not found, statistically. It is concluded that with intense improvement programs in genotypes, a reduction regarding maternal behavior score is observed. In other words, the intense improvement programs in extensive animal breeding reduce the maternal ability in sheep

The effect of feeding system on slaughter-carcass characteristics, meat quality, and fatty acid composition of lambs

In this study, we aimed to determine the slaughter-carcass characteristics, meat quality, and fatty acid composition in lambs raised under intensive and extensive conditions. The animal material consisted of 30 Norduz male lambs, with an average age of 171 days. The lambs were divided into two groups: concentrate-fed lambs (CO) and pasture-fed lambs (PS). The results showed that the CO lambs had heavier carcasses (p<0:001), a higher dressing percentage (p<0:001), and higher intramuscular fat (p<0:01) than the PS lambs. It was determined that the longissimus thoracis muscle of the CO lambs had a lower ultimate pH and higher L and water-holding capacity than the PS lambs. In this study, intramuscular fat (longissimus thoracis, semimembranosus, triceps brachii), subcutaneous and tail fat samples were used to evaluate the effect of feeding system on fatty acid composition. The polyunsaturated fatty acid to saturated fatty acid ratio (PUFA= SFA) of intramuscular fat was found to be significantly higher in the CO group than in the PS lambs, while similar subcutaneous and tail fat results were found in both groups. Moreover, the PS lambs had a lower n6 = n3 ratio and higher percentage of omega-3 than the CO lambs in all tissues studied (p<0:05). Overall, the CO lambs have heavier and fattier carcasses with better meat quality traits than the PS lambs. However, the effects of feeding system have varying results based on the fatty acid composition of different types of fat deposits

Prevalence of Fibromyalgia Syndrome and Its Correlations with Arrhythmia in Patients with Palpitations

Objective: It is aimed to determine the prevalence of fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) and its correlations with arrhythmia in patients with palpitations. Material and Methods: Sixty-two patients who underwent electrophysiological study (EPS) due to palpitation complaints in Cardiology department and 40 healthy controls were included in the study. The precise diagnosis of arrhythmia was established using EPS. All participants were screened for FMS using American College of Rheumatology 2010 Fibromyalgia diagnostic criteria. Clinical assessments included measurement of severity of pain, fatigue and morning fatigue with visual analog scale (VAS), functional status with Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ), and anxiety/depression with Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD). Results: FMS was diagnosed in 22 of the 62 patients (36%), and 4 of the 40 healthy controls (10%) (p 0.05). EPS+ patients with FMS had higher fatigue levels, HAD and FIQ scores than EPS− patients, although statistically insignificant. HV durations were statistically longer in the EPS− subgroup (p < 0.05) but other EPS data were similar. Conclusion: FMS frequency and HAD anxiety scores were found to be higher in patients with palpitation complaints. However, we found no association between arrhythmia, EPS parameters and FMS. In our clinical practice we should keep in mind to carry out assessments in terms of FMS in patients with palpitation

Feedlot performance and carcass characteristics of Norduz male kids

The aim of this study was to determine the feedlot performance and carcass characterşistics of Norduz male kids. The initial and final body weights and average daily weight gain of these animals during the feedlot feeding period were 18.6 kg, 26.1 kg and 133.3 g, respectively. During the fattening period, average daily concentrated feed consumption and feeding efficiency of these animals were 604 g/day per head and 5.6 kg, respectively. At the end of the fattening period, 10 heads of Norduz male kids were slaughtered in order to determine carcass characteristics. Slaughter weight, hot and cold carcass weights and dressing percetage were foun as 25.4 kg, 10.6 kg and 41.5 %, respectively. In this study; bone, muscle, subcutaneous fat and inter-muscular fat contents were found AS 38.9, 46.4, 3.7 AND 6.4 %, respectively