One-year prevalence and the impact of migraine and tension-type headache in Turkey: a nationwide home-based study in adults

Several studies have shown that the prevalence of migraine and tension-type headache (TTH) varied between different geographical regions. Therefore, there is a need of a nationwide prevalence study for headache in our country, located between Asia and Europe. This nationwide study was designed to estimate the 1-year prevalence of migraine and TTH and analyse the clinical features, the impact as well as the demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the participant households in Turkey. We planned to investigate 6,000 representative households in 21 cities of Turkey; and a total of 5,323 households (response rate of 89%) aged between 18 and 65 years were examined for headache by 33 trained physicians at home on the basis of the diagnostic criteria of the second edition of the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-II). The electronically registered questionnaire was based on the headache features, the associated symptoms, demographic and socio-economic situation and history. Of 5,323 participants (48.8% women; mean age 35.9 ± 12 years) 44.6% reported recurrent headaches during the last 1 year and 871 were diagnosed with migraine at a prevalence rate of 16.4% (8.5% in men and 24.6% in women), whereas only 270 were diagnosed with TTH at a prevalence rate of 5.1% (5.7% in men and 4.5% in women). The 1-year prevalence of probable migraine was 12.4% and probable TTH was 9.5% additionally. The rate of migraine with aura among migraineurs was 21.5%. The prevalence of migraine was highest among 35–40-year-old women while there were no differences in age groups among men and in TTH overall. More than 2/3 of migraineurs had ever consulted a physician whereas only 1/3 of patients with TTH had ever consulted a physician. For women, the migraine prevalence was higher among the ones with a lower income, while among men, it did not show any change by income. Migraine prevalence was lower in those with a lower educational status compared to those with a high educational status. Chronic daily headache was present in 3.3% and the prevalence of medication overuse headache was 2.1% in our population. There was an important impact of migraine with a monthly frequency of 5.9 ± 6, and an attack duration of 35.1 ± 72 h, but only 4.9% were on prophylactic treatment. The one-year prevalence of migraine estimated as 16.4% was similar or even higher than world-wide reported migraine prevalence figures and identical to a previous nation-wide study conducted in 1998, whereas the TTH prevalence was much lower using the same methodology with the ICHD-II criteria

REE behavior in warm and cold subducting oceanic crust

In situ laser probing of minerals in a lawsonite-bearing eclogitic metabasite and two epidote-bearing eclogites reveals metamorphic reaction-controlled REE mobility and redistribution. In the lawsonite-bearing eclogitic metabasite, the garnet shows typical core-to-rim HREE depletion and a Tb-Er + Y enriched outer rim. Inclusions across the garnet reveal that formation of the rim coincided with the disappearance of epidote and titanite and the appearance of sodic pyroxene and rutile, possibly representing the blueschist-eclogite facies transition. The lawsonite is characterized by a flat REE pattern in the core but its rim shows remarkable HREE depletion due to garnet nucleation. In contrast, in the epidote-bearing eclogite, lawsonite is found only as inclusions in the garnet and was otherwise consumed along the prograde path. The garnet outer rim is characterized by MREE (Sm-Tb) enrichment caused by the lawsonite breakdown, while omphacite and rutile were stable, suggesting eclogite-facies dehydration. Thus, in warm subduction zones, the LREE may be largely released at shallow depths due to lawsonite breakdown and fluxed into the hydrated mantle wedge, where they can contribute to arc volcanism. In cold subduction zones, however, some LREE and MREE are retained in the slab and released at depths well beyond the arc; element flux to the sub-arc mantle in such subduction zones may be dominated by other sources, such as dehydration of the serpentinized part of the slab

Bulk Ultrasonic Treatment of Crystalline Materials

Ultrasound is widely used in the treatment of materials. Its applications in melt processing, surface hardening or finishing, metal forming, welding, etc., are well known and have been reviewed in numerous review articles and books. Among ultrasound-assisted processes, the direct action of ultrasonic waves on the structure and properties of bulk materials is of special interest. Ultrasonic waves induce oscillating shear stresses in materials which exert mechanical forces on crystal lattice defects, primarily on dislocations, which can yield a number of interesting effects on the structure and properties of crystals. The present paper aims to review studies on the effects of ultrasonic treatment (UST) on crystalline materials. First, the methods for the excitation of standing ultrasonic waves in bulk samples of materials are analyzed. Then, early studies on the effect of UST on the dislocation structure and phase composition, hardness and strength of materials with different initial structures are analyzed. An emphasis is then made on the influence of UST on the structure and mechanical properties of advanced ultrafine-grained (UFG) metals and alloys processed by severe plastic deformation (SPD). The results of simulations of ultrasound’s effect on the dislocation and atomic structures of materials by dislocation and molecular dynamics methods are also reviewed

Sequential (Hfsh Plus Recfsh) Vs Homogenous (Hfsh Or Recfsh Alone) Stimulation: Clinical And Biochemical (Cumulus Cell Gene Expression) Aspects

FSH is a key hormone in the regulation of follicular development. Together with the EGF network, these molecules mediate oocyte maturation and competence in preparation for the action of LH. FSH isoforms regulate distinct biological pathways and have specific effects on granulosa cell function and maturation of the ovarian follicle. Their dynamic interactions occur during the follicular cycle; short-living forms are predominant in the pre-ovulatory phase, whereas long-acting molecules characterize the luteal-follicular transition. Recombinant FSH (rFSH) molecules have a reduced number of isoforms and are less acidic, with a shorter half-life. We have investigated sequential stimulation, comparing hFSH + rFSH, vs. rFSH alone and hFSH alone for the entire stimulation phase. Sequential stimulation leads to an E2 per MII oocyte ratio that is much lower than is seen during treatment with the two drugs individually. Although there is a positive tendency in favor of the sequential treatment, there was no significant difference in pregnancy rates, even taking frozen embryos into consideration. The cumulus cell transcriptome varies considerably between the treatments, although with no clear significance. When comparing pregnant vs. non-pregnant patients, in general a decrease in mRNA expression can be observed in the pregnant patients, especially in expression of folic acid receptor 1 and ovostatin 2. This indicates that material has been transferred from CC to the oocyte. However, a common observation in the literature is that variations in the transcriptome of the cumulus cells are highly dependent upon the patient genotype; the potential for applying this strategy as a basis for selecting embryos is, at the very least, questionable.Wo