Resistance of Venturia inaequalis to hexaconazole, trifloxistrobin and captan

4.3% of 2.2 million tons of apple produced in Turkey annually is obtained from Çanakkale. Apple scab caused by Venturia inaequalis (Cooke.) Wint. is the most important problem observed in the apples growing in the province. Especially if the disease pressure is high, it cannot be controlled and thus it causes a significant loss in yield and quality despite the intensive spraying against the disease. The objective of this study was to investigate whether this problem originated from fungicide sensitivity. Sensitivities of V. inaequalis isolates to hexaconazole (DMI), trifloxystrobin (Strobilurin) and Captan (Trichloromethylthiocarboxamide) were determined for twenty isolates by measuring the germination rate of conidiospore obtained from single scab lesions. According to ED50 value, the isolates treated with captan and hexaconazole varied from 0.01 to 0.3 µg/ml. The sensitivity of the isolates to both fungicides was found less than the sensitivity to trifloxystrobin. The isolates treated with trifloxystrobin were divided in two groups (0.01-0.03 and 0.03-01 µg/ml). On the other hand, according to minimum inhibition concentration, the isolates at captan and trifloxystrobin were in three groups (0.3-1; 1-3 and 3- 10 µg/ml), however for hexaconazole they were in two groups (1-3 and 3-10 µg/ml). In vitro studies showed that the sensitivity of V. inaequalis to Demethylation Inhibitor fungicide hexaconazole and Trichloromethylthiocarboxamide fungicide captan was reduced

Resistance of Venturia inaequalis to hexaconazole, trifloxistrobin and captan

4.3% of 2.2 million tons of apple produced in Turkey annually is obtained from Çanakkale. Apple scab caused by Venturia inaequalis (Cooke.) Wint. is the most important problem observed in the apples growing in the province. Especially if the disease pressure is high, it cannot be controlled and thus it causes a significant loss in yield and quality despite the intensive spraying against the disease. The objective of this study was to investigate whether this problem originated from fungicide sensitivity. Sensitivities of V. inaequalis isolates to hexaconazole (DMI), trifloxystrobin (Strobilurin) and Captan (Trichloromethylthiocarboxamide) were determined for twenty isolates by measuring the germination rate of conidiospore obtained from single scab lesions. According to ED50 value, the isolates treated with captan and hexaconazole varied from 0.01 to 0.3 µg/ml. The sensitivity of the isolates to both fungicides was found less than the sensitivity to trifloxystrobin. The isolates treated with trifloxystrobin were divided in two groups (0.01-0.03 and 0.03-01 µg/ml). On the other hand, according to minimum inhibition concentration, the isolates at captan and trifloxystrobin were in three groups (0.3-1; 1-3 and 3- 10 µg/ml), however for hexaconazole they were in two groups (1-3 and 3-10 µg/ml). In vitro studies showed that the sensitivity of V. inaequalis to Demethylation Inhibitor fungicide hexaconazole and Trichloromethylthiocarboxamide fungicide captan was reduced

Infrared and Raman Spectroscopic Characterization of Porphyrin and its Derivatives

Density functional theory (DFT) was employed to investigate protonation, deuteration, and substitution effects on the vibrational spectra of porphyrin molecules. The results of the calculations were compared with experimental data. The calculations show that meso‐substitutions produced a substantial shift in frequencies when the meso‐carbons within the parent porphine are involved in the vibrational motion of molecules, while protonation of the N atoms leads to a significant blue shift when the H atoms covalent bonded to the N atoms that are substantially involved in the vibrational motion. Deuteration of N atoms at the porphyrin core is found to result not only in a red shift in the frequencies of the corresponding peaks below 1600 cm-1, but also to generate new Raman bands of frequencies in the range of 2565–2595 cm-1, resulting from N‐D bond stretching. Also, the deuteration of O atoms within the sulfonato groups (‐SO3-) results in a new peak at near 2642 cm-1 due to O‐D bond stretching. Calculated IR spectra of the compounds studied here showed similar differences. Finally, we discuss solvent effects on the IR spectrum of TSPP

Geometric and Electronic Properties of Porphyrin and its Derivatives

In this chapter, we discuss protonation and substitution effects on the absorption spectra of porphyrin molecules based on density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT calculations. The results of the calculations are compared with experimental data. The calculations show that protonation of core nitrogen atoms of porphyrin and meso-substituted porphyrins produces a substantial shift in Soret and Q-absorption bands, relative to their positions in corresponding nonprotonated and nonsubstituted chromophores. A relaxed potential energy surface (RPES) scan has been utilized to calculate ground and excited state potential energy surface (PES) curves as functions of the rotation of one of the meso-substituted sulfonatophenyl groups about dihedral angles θ (corresponding to Cα─Cm─Cϕ─C) ranging from 40 to 130°, using 10° increments. The ground state RPES curve indicates that when the molecule transitions from the lowest ground state to a local state, the calculated highest potential energy barrier at the dihedral angle of 90° is only 177 cm−1. This finding suggests that the meso-sulfonatophenyl substitution groups are able to rotate around Cm─Cϕ bond at room temperature because the thermal energy (kBT) at 298 K is 207.2 cm−1. Furthermore, the calculations show that the geometric structure of the porphyrin is strongly dependent on protonation and the nature of the meso-substituted functional groups

Origin and Impact of Government Regulations

İnternet g&uuml;n&uuml;m&uuml;zde pek &ccedil;ok işlevinin yanında bilgi edinme s&uuml;re&ccedil;lerinde başvurulan &ouml;nemli bir kaynak konumundadır. Bu durum dini bilgi edinme pratikleri a&ccedil;ısından da ge&ccedil;erlidir. Bazı araştırma bulguları internetin dini bilgi arama/edinme s&uuml;re&ccedil;lerinde geleneksel bilgi kaynaklarıyla birlikte en &ccedil;ok başvurulan kaynaklar arasında olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Bu doğrultuda bu &ccedil;alışma &uuml;niversite &ouml;ğrencilerinin dini bilgi gereksinimlerini karşılama s&uuml;recinde kullandıkları bilgi edinme kaynakları ve bu kaynakların g&uuml;venilirliğiyle birlikte temelde onların internet &uuml;zerinden dini bilgi edinme s&uuml;re&ccedil;lerindeki eleştirel yeterliliklerine odaklanmaktadır. &Ouml;ğrencilerin dini bilgi arama/edinme s&uuml;re&ccedil;lerindeki eleştirel yeterliliklerini &ouml;l&ccedil;mek amacıyla, Eken ve Aydın (2018) tarafından geliştirilen, dini/enformasyonel i&ccedil;erikli internet sitelerinin değerlendirilmesine y&ouml;nelik kullanıcı merkezli kriterlerin baz alındığı &ccedil;alışma, Erciyes &Uuml;niversitesi İletişim Fak&uuml;ltesi &ouml;ğrencilerinden basit rastlantısal &ouml;rneklem tekniğiyle se&ccedil;ilen k&uuml;me &uuml;zerinde ger&ccedil;ekleştirilen ampirik bir araştırma niteliği taşımaktadır. &Ccedil;alışmadan elde edilen sonu&ccedil;lara g&ouml;re; internetin &uuml;niversite &ouml;ğrencileri i&ccedil;in en temel dini bilgi kaynaklarından biri olduğu; ancak bu yaygın kullanımın aksine &ouml;ğrencilerin internet ortamından elde edilen bilgilere yeterince g&uuml;venmediği ve anket formunda belirtilen kriterlere oranla alt-orta d&uuml;zeyde bir eleştirel yeterliliğe sahip olduğu ifade edilebilir. Bu sonu&ccedil; &uuml;niversite &ouml;ğrencileri i&ccedil;in eleştirel okuryazarlık becerisi kazandıracak eğitim s&uuml;re&ccedil;lerinin gerekliliğini ortaya koyması bakımından &ouml;nemlidirToday, the internet is an important resource which is used in information acquisition processes. This also applies to religious practice. Some research findings demonstrate that the internet is among the most frequently used sources in the process of religious information searching/acquiring with traditional sources of information. In this respect, this study focuses on the sources of information and the reliability of these sources in the process of meeting university students&#39; religious knowledge requirements and focuses on the critical competencies of these students in the process of acquiring religious knowledge on the internet. In order to measure the critical competencies of the students in the process of religious information searching, a study based on user-centered criteria for the evaluation of religious / informative websites, developed by Eken and Aydın (2018), is an empirical study conducted by the students of Erciyes University Faculty of Communication with a simple random sampling technique. According to the results obtained from the study; It can be stated that internet is one of the most basic sources for religious information for university students, but unlike this widespread use, students do not trust the information obtained from the Internet environment and have a moderate level of critical competency compared to the criteria specified in the survey form. This situation is important in terms of demonstrating the necessity of educational processes that will redound critical literacy skills for university students</p

Dependence of Geometric and Spectroscopic Properties of Double-walled Boron Nitride Nanotubes on Interwall Distance

We have used density functional theory (DFT) and time dependent (TD)-DFT to systematically investigate the dependency of the geometric and vibro-electronic properties of zigzag and armchair-type double-walled boron nitride nanotubes ((0,m)@(0,n) and (m,m) @(n,n)-DWBNNTs) on the interwall distance (ΔR) and the number of unit cells. The results of the calculations showed that their structural stability strongly depends on the interwall distance, but not on the number of unit cells, and the (0,m) @(0,m+9/10) and (m,m) @(n,n) with n=m+5/6 are the most energetically stable structures. The predicted electronic structures for DWBNNTs with cell lengths of one unit exhibit a strong red-shift for the ΔR below ~0.4 nm and remain almost constant for the ΔR > 0.45 nm. The calculated nonresonance Raman spectra of (0,6) @(0,n)-DWBNNTs (with cell lengths of one unit and n=12-18) indicated that the radial breathing modes (RBMs) of inner (0,6) and outer (0,n) tubes are not only diameter dependent, but also exhibit a strong blue-shift for the ΔR below ~0.35 nm and rapidly approach zero with increasing ΔR reference to the position of the RBM in the spectrum of the corresponding single wall boron nitride nanotubes, (0,n)-SWBNNTs. The calculated IR spectra of the (0,6) @(0,n)-DWBNNTs did not indicate any significant dependence on the ΔR for n > 13