New Approaches to Agrobacterium tumefaciens-Mediated Gene Transfer to Plants

Agrobacterium tumefaciens, a plant pathogen, is commonly used as a vector for the introduction of foreign genes into plants and consequent regeneration of transgenic plants. A. tumefaciens naturally infects the wound sites in dicotyledonous plants and induces diseases known as crown gall. The bacterium has a large plasmid that induces tumor induction, and for this reason, it was named tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid. The expression of T-DNA genes of Ti-plasmid in plant cells causes the formation of tumors at the infection site. The molecular basis of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is the stable integration of a DNA sequence (T-DNA) from Ti (tumor-inducing) plasmid of A. tumefaciens into the plant genome. A. tumefaciens-mediated transformation has some advantages compared with direct gene transfer methods such as integration of low copy number of T-DNA into plant genome, stable gene expression, and transformation of large size DNA segments. That is why manipulations of the plant, bacteria and physical conditions have been applied to increase the virulence of bacteria and to increase the transformation efficiency. Preculturing explants before inoculation, modification of temperature and medium pH, addition chemicals to inoculation medium such as acetosyringone, changing bacterial density, and co-cultivation period, and vacuum infiltration have been reported to increase transformation. In this chapter, four new transformation protocols that can be used to increase the transformation efficiency via A. tumefaciens in most plant species are described

The relation between the level of professional guidance of national education inspectors given to class teachers and the teacher motivationsMaarif müfettişlerinin sınıf öğretmenlerine mesleki rehberlik yapma düzeyleri ile öğretmen motivasyonu arasındaki ilişki

The aim of is this research is to determine both the views of teachers on the guiding level of inspectors to class teachers, how their approaches motivate them and the relationship between the behaviours of inspectors considering their vocational guidance and the level of their motivational effect. The center of this research is constituted by the primary school teachers who have been working at 31 different primary schools that located in center of Uşak during 2014-2015 educational year. In this research, sample modelling method wasn’t used but it has been tried to get in touch with all teachers. After eliminating the 19 scales that have missing parts or filled improperly; 197 scales have been evaluated totally. Data collection with, the scale which was developed by Arslantaş (2007) and has 55 items used. Analysing the datas that obtained from the research,the T-test, One Way Anova and Correlate Analysis used in addition to the descriptive statistics. As a result of the analysis it is found out that the views of the teachers on the vocational guidance of the inspectors are similar and the average rate indicates that the inspectors show their roles at “low” level. The motivational impact of inspectors’ vocational assistance and guidance to the teachers is at “moderate” level. There also exists a positive sided relationbetween the level of the inspectors’exhibiting their vocational guidance roles and the degree of the motivational effect of these roles. ÖzetBu araştırmanın amacı, maarif müfettişlerinin sınıf öğretmenlerine mesleki rehberlik yapma düzeylerine ve bu davranışların öğretmenleri ne düzeyde motive ettiğine ilişkin öğretmen görüşlerini belirlemek ve maarif müfettişlerinin mesleki rehberlik davranışları ile bu davranışların öğretmenleri motive etme düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkiyi ortaya koymaktır. Araştırmanın çalışma evrenini 2014-2015 eğitim-öğretim yılında Uşak il merkezinde bulunan, 31 ilkokulda görev yapan sınıf öğretmenleri oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada örneklem alma yoluna gidilmemiş araştırma evrenindeki bütün öğretmenlere ulaşılmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu doğrultuda, 216 öğretmene ulaşılmıştır. Hatalı ya da eksik doldurulan 19 ölçek çıkarıldıktan sonra 197 ölçek değerlendirmeye alınmıştır.Verilerin toplanmasında, Arslantaş (2007) tarafından geliştirilen 55 maddelik ölçek izin alınarak kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda elde edilen verilerin çözümlenmesinde betimsel istatistiklerin yanı sıra T-Testi, Tek Yönlü Varyans Analizi (ANOVA) ve Korelasyon Analizi kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizi sonucunda, öğretmenlerin maarif müfettişlerinin mesleki rehberlik rollerini “az” derecede, bu davranışların kendilerini motive etme derecesini ise “orta” düzeyde gerçekleştirdikleri bulgusuna ulaşılmıştır. Maarif müfettişlerinin mesleki rehberlik davranışlarını gösterme düzeyleri ile bu davranışların öğretmenleri motive etme derecesi arasında anlamlı pozitif yönlü bir ilişki bulunmuştur

Measurements of axial length and radius of corneal curvature in the rabbit eye

The axial length of the eye, the radius of the anterior corneal surface, and the diameter of the cornea were measured on 40 eyes of 20 New Zealand White rabbits. The ultrasonographic measurements of the axial length of the eye showed a mean value of 15.12 ± 0.51mm (15.33 ± 0.50mm in males, 14.96 ± 0.46mm in females). The mean corneal radius was 7.26 ± 0.26mm (7.18 ± 0.9mm in males, 7.32 ± 0.33 mm in females); the mean value of the difference in corneal curvature between two principle meridians was 0.21 ± 0.12mm; and the mean horizontal and vertical diameters of the cornea were 13.41 ± 0.34mm and 13.02 ± 0.30mm, respectively. Although the diameter of the cornea of rabbits was bigger than that of humans (average, horizontal 11.75mm, vertical 10.55mm), the axial length of the eye was 0.7 times that of humans (23-24mm), and the radius of corneal curvature was relatively smaller than that in humans (7.7-7.8mm).</p

Determination by Landsat Satellite Imagery to Local Scales in Land and Pollution Monitoring: A Case of Buyuk Melen Watershed (Turkey)

Buyuk Melen Watershed provides drinking water from the Western Black Sea region to Istanbul province, which Buyuk and Kucuk Melen rivers, Asar, Ugur and Aksu rivers. Many settlement areas, fertilized agricultural lands, industrial plants and solid/liquid waste dumping areas have present in Melen watershed, causing substantial pollution problems. Melen watershed has been at a serious risk of pollution that a lot of settlement areas, agricultural lands, industrial facilities, and solid and liquid waste. In this study, LANDSAT satellite data was used to monitor the status of this area on the potential of the region studied. In the watershed change of 1987, 2001, 2006 and 2010 and also supported by satellite data. However, contaminants in the watershed discharges to the inner parts as shown from the satellite data have also been observed that the increase in pollution

Explant position effect on gene transformation to flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) via Agrobacterium tumefaciens

AbstractBackground and purpose: In this study, it was aimed to determine the influence of the position where explant was taken, on gene transfer via Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation in flax (Linum usitatissimum L.).Materials and methods: In the study, three different hypocotyl explants, 0.5 cm long, were used according to the position where they were isolated from. Seven-day-old sterile seedlings having cotyledon leaves and no root system were inoculated with bacterial solution for 20 min. GV2260 line of Agrobacterium tumefaciens having \u27pBIN 19\u27 plasmid containing npt II gene and GUS reporter gene, was used in transformation studies. After inoculation, hypocotyl section of the seedlings was divided into 3 parts labeled with number 1 (part above the root), number 2 (part above number 1) and number 3 (part below cotyledon leaves) and these parts were left to co-cultivation for 2 days. Then, hypocotyl segments were transferred to selection medium containing antibiotics. The presence of npt-II (neomycin phosphotransferase II) gene in transformants was confirmed by PCR analysis.Results: It was observed that the highest transgenic plant number was obtained from the explants taken from the region labeled 1, which was followed by explants taken from the region labeled 2. No transgenic plants could be obtained from explants isolated from region labeled 3.Conclusions: This study showed that not only explant type but also the position explant was excised from is very important in gene transfer via Agrobacterium tumefaciens.</p

Discordance of low density lipoprotein cholesterol and non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol and coronary artery disease severity

87th Congress of the European-Atherosclerosis-Society (EAS)European Atherosclerosis So

Seed Dormancy

Dormancy is when there is a lack of germination in seeds or tubers even though the required conditions (temperature, humidity, oxygen, and light) are provided. Dormancy is based on hard seed coat impermeability or the lack of supply and activity of enzymes (internal dormancy) necessary for germination. Dormancy is an important factor limiting production in many field crops. Several physical and chemical pretreatments are applied to the organic material (seeds/tubers) to overcome dormancy. Physical and physiological dormancy can be found together in some plants, and this makes it difficult to provide high-frequency, healthy seedling growth, since the formation of healthy seedlings from the organic material (seeds/tubers) sown is a prerequisite for plant production. This chapter will focus on the description of four different methods we have not seen reported elsewhere for overcoming dormancy